INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON OIL POLLUTION PREPAREDNESS, RESPONSEAND CO-OPERATION, 1990
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION ON OIL POLLUTION PREPAREDNESS, RESPONSEAND CO-OPERATION, 1990
Whole document
Text adopted by the Conference
THE PARTIES TO THE PRESENT CONVENTION,
CONSCIOUS of the need to preserve the human environment in general and
the marine environment in particular,
RECOGNIZING the serious threat posed to the marine environment by oil
pollution incidents involving ships, offshore units, sea ports and oil
handling facilities,
MINDFUL of the importance of precautionary measures and prevention in
avoiding oil pollution in the first instance, and the need for strict
application of existing international instruments dealing with maritime
safety and marine pollution prevention, particularly the International
Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, as amended, and the
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973,
as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto, as amended, and also
the speedy development of enhanced standards for the design, operation and
maintenance of ships carrying oil, and of offshore units,
MINDFUL ALSO that, in the event of an oil pollution incident, prompt
and effective action is essential in order to minimize the damage which
may result from such an incident,
EMPHASISING the importance of effective preparation for combating oil
pollution incidents and the important role which the oil and shipping
industries have in this regard,
RECOGNIZING FURTHER the importance of mutual assistance and
international co-operation relating to matters including the exchange of
information respecting the capabilities of States to respond to oil
pollution incidents, the preparation of oil pollution contingency plans,
the exchange of reports of incidents of significance which may affect the
marine environment or the coastline and related interests of States, and
research and development respecting means of combating oil pollution in
the marine environment,
TAKING ACCOUNT of the "polluter pays" principle as a general principle
of international environmental law,
TAKING ACCOUNT ALSO of the importance of international instruments on
liability and compensation for oil pollution damage, including the 1969
International Convention on Civil Liability for oil Pollution Damage
(CLC); and the 1971 International Convention on the Establishment of an
International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage (FUND); and
the compelling need for early entry into force of the 1984 Protocols to
the CLC and FUND Conventions,
TAKING ACCOUNT FURTHER of the importance of bilateral and multilateral
agreements and arrangements including regional conventions and agreements,
BEARING IN MIND the relevant provisions of the United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Sea, in particular of its part XII,
BEING AWARE of the need to promote international co-operation and to
enhance existing national, regional and global capabilities concerning oil
pollution preparedness and response, taking into account the special needs
of the developing countries and particularly small island States,
CONSIDERING that these objectives may best be achieved by the
conclusion of an International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness,
Response and Co-operation,
HAVE AGREED as follows:
ARTICLE 1 General provisions
(1) Parties undertake, individually or jointly, to take all
appropriate measures in accordance with the provisions of this Convention
and the Annex thereto to prepare for and respond to an oil pollution
incident.
(2) The Annex to this Convention shall constitute an integral part of
the Convention and a reference to this Convention constitutes at the same
time a reference to the Annex.
(3) This Convention shall not apply to any warship, naval auxiliary or
other ship owned or operated by a State and used, for the time being, only
on government non-commercial service. However, each Party shall ensure by
the adoption of appropriate measures not impairing the operations or
operational capabilities of such ships owned or operated by it, that such
ships act in a manner consistent, so far as is reasonable and practicable,
with this convention.
ARTICLE 2 Definitions
For the purposes of this Convention:
(1) "Oil" means petroleum in any form including crude oil, fuel oil,
sludge, oil refuse and refined products.
(2) "Oil pollution incident" means an occurrence or series of
occurrences having the same origin, which results or may result in a
discharge of oil and which poses or may pose a threat to the marine
environment, or to the coastline or related interests of one or more
States, and which requires emergency action or other immediate response.
(3) "Ship" means a vessel of any type whatsoever operating in the
marine environment and includes hydrofoil boats, air-cushion vehicles,
submersibles, and floating craft of any type.
(4) "Offshore unit" means any fixed or floating offshore installation
or structure engaged in gas or oil exploration, exploitation or production
activities, or loading or unloading of oil.
(5) "Sea ports and oil handling facilities" means those facilities
which present a risk of an oil pollution incident and includes, inter
alias, sea ports, oil terminals, pipelines and other oil handling
facilities.
(6) "Organization" means the International Maritime Organization.
(7) "Secretary-General" means the Secretary-General of the
Organization.
ARTICLE 3 Oil pollution emergency plans
(1) (a) Each Party shall require that ships entitled to fly its flag
have on board a shipboard oil pollution emergency plan as required by and
in accordance with the provisions adopted by the Organization for this
purpose.
(b) A ship required to have on board an oil pollution emergency
plan in accordance with subparagraph (a) is subject, while in a port or at
an offshore terminal under the jurisdiction of a Party, to inspection by
officers duly authorized by that Party, in accordance with the practices
provided for in existing international agreements or its national
legislation.
(2) Each Party shall require that operators of offshore units under
its jurisdiction have oil pollution emergency plans, which are
co-ordinated with the national system established in accordance with
article 6 and approved in accordance with procedures established by the
competent national authority.
(3) Each Party shall require that authorities or operators in charge
of such sea ports and oil handling facilities under its jurisdiction as it
deems appropriate have oil pollution emergency plans or similar
arrangements which are co-ordinated with the national system established
in accordance with article 6 and approved in accordance with procedures
established by the competent national authority.
ARTICLE 4 Oil pollution reporting procedures
(1) Each Party shall:
(a) require masters or other persons having charge of ships flying
its flag and persons having charge of offshore units under its
jurisdiction to report without delay any event on their ship or offshore
unit involving a discharge or probable discharge of oil:
(i) in the case of a ship, to the nearest coastal State;
(ii) in the case of an offshore unit, to the coastal State to
whose jurisdiction the unit is subject;
(b) require masters or other persons having charge of ships flying
its flag and persons having charge of offshore units under its
jurisdiction to report without delay any observed event at sea involving a
discharge of oil or the presence of oil:
(i) in the case of a ship, to the nearest coastal State;
(ii) in the case of an offshore unit, to the coastal State to
whose jurisdiction the unit is subject;
(c) require persons having charge of sea ports and oil handling
facilities under its jurisdiction to report without delay any event
involving a discharge or probable discharge of oil or the presence of oil
to the competent national authority;
(d) instruct its maritime inspection vessels or aircraft and other
appropriate services or officials to report without delay any observed
event at sea or at a sea port or oil handling facility involving a
discharge of oil or the presence of oil to the competent national
authority or, as the case may be, to the nearest coastal State;
(e) request the pilots of civil aircraft to report without delay
any observed event at sea involving a discharge of oil or the presence of
oil to the nearest coastal State.
(2) Reports under paragraph (1) (a) (i) shall be made in accordance
with the requirements developed by the Organization and based on the
guidelines and general principles adopted by the Organization. Reports
under paragraph (1) (a) (ii), (b), (c) and (d) shall be made in accordance
with the guidelines and general principles adopted by the Organization to
the extent applicable.
ARTICLE 5 Action on receiving an oil pollution report
(1) Whenever a Party receives a report referred to in article 4 or
pollution information provided by other sources, it shall:
(a) assess the event to determine whether it is an oil pollution
incident;
(b) assess the nature, extent and possible consequences of the oil
pollution incident; and
(c) then, without delay, inform all States whose interests are
affected or likely to be affected by such oil pollution incident, together
with
(i) details of its assessments and any action it has taken, or
intends to take, to deal with the incident, and
(ii) further information as appropriate, until the action
taken to respond to the incident has been concluded or until joint action
has been decided by such States.
(2) When the severity of such oil pollution incident so justifies, the
Party should provide the Organization directly or, as appropriate, through
the relevant regional organizations or arrangements with the information
referred to in paragraph (1) (b) and (c).
(3) When the severity of such oil pollution incident so justifies,
other States affected by it are urged to inform the Organization directly
or, as appropriate, through the relevant regional organization or
arrangements of their assessment of the extent of the threat to their
interests and any action taken or intended.
(4) Parties should use, in so far as practicable, the oil pollution
reporting system developed by the Organization when exchanging information
and communicating with other States and with the Organization.
ARTICLE 6 National and regional systems for preparedness and res-ponse
(1) Each Party shall establish a national system for responding
promptly and effectively to oil pollution incidents. This system shall
include as a minimum:
(a) the designation of:
(i) the competent national authority or authorities with
responsibility for oil pollution p preparedness and response;
(ii) the national operational contact point or points, which
shall be responsible for the receipt and transmission of oil pollution
reports as referred to in article 4; and
(iii) authority which is entitled to act on behalf of the
State to request assistance or to decide to render the assistance
requested;
(b) an national contingency plan for preparedness and response
which includes the organizational relationship of the various bodies
involved, whether public or private, taking into account guidelines
developed by the organization.
(2) In addition, each Party, within its capabilities either
individually or through bilateral or multilateral co-operation and, as
appropriate, in co-operation with the oil and shipping industries, port
authorities and other relevant entities, shall establish:
(a) a minimum level of pre-positioned oil spill combating
equipment, commensurate with the risk involved, and programmes for its
use;
(b) a programme of exercises for oil pollution response
organizations and training of relevant personnel;
(c) detailed plans and communication capabilities for responding
to an oil pollution incident. Such capabilities should be continuously
available; and
(d) a mechanism or arrangement to co-ordinate the response to an
oil pollution incident with, if appropriate, the capabilities to mobilize
the necessary resources.
(3) Each Party shall ensure that current information is provided to
the Organization, directly or through the relevant regional organization
or arrangements, concerning:
(a) the location, telecommunication data and, if applicable, areas
of responsibility of authorities and entities referred to in paragraph (1)
(a);
(b) information concerning pollution response equipment and
expertise in disciplines related to oil pollution response and marine
salvage which may be made available to other States, upon request; and
(c) its national contingency plan.
ARTICLE 7 International co-operation in pollution response
(1) Parties agree that, subject to their capabilities and the
availability of relevant resources, they will co-operate and provide
advisory services, technical support and equipment for the purpose of
responding to an oil pollution incident, when the severity of such
incident so justifies, upon the request of any Party affected or likely to
be affected. The financing of the costs for such assistance shall be based
on the provisions set out in the Annex to this Convention.
(2) A Party which has requested assistance may ask the Organization to
assist in identifying sources of provisional financing of the costs
referred to in paragraph (1).
(3) In accordance with applicable international agreements, each Party
shall take necessary legal or administrative measures to facilitate:
(a) the arrival and utilization in and departure from its
territory of ships, aircraft and other modes of transport engaged in
responding to an oil pollution incident or transporting personnel,
cargoes, materials and equipment required to deal with such an incident;
and
(b) the expeditious movement into, through, and out of its
territory of personnel, cargoes, materials and equipment referred to in
subparagraph (a).
ARTICLE 8 Research and development
(1) Parties agree to co-operate directly or, as appropriate, through
the Organization or relevant regional organizations or arrangements in the
promotion and exchange of results of research and development programmes
relating to the enhancement of the state-of -the-art of oil pollution
preparedness and response, including technologies and techniques for
surveillance, containment, recovery, dispersion, clean-up and otherwise
minimizing or mitigating the effects of oil pollution, and for
restoration.
(2) To this end, Parties undertake to establish directly or, as
appropriate, through the Organization or relevant regional organizations
or arrangements, the necessary links between Parties' research
institutions.
(3) Parties agree to co-operate directly or through the Organization
or relevant regional organizations or arrangements to promote, as
appropriate, the holding on a regular basis of international symposia on
relevant subjects, including technological advances in oil pollution
combating techniques and equipment.
(4) Parties agree to encourage, through the Organization or other
competent international organizations, the development of standards for
compatible oil pollution combating techniques and equipment.
ARTICLE 9 Technical co-operation
(1) Parties undertake directly or through the Organization and other
international bodies, as appropriate, in respect of oil pollution
preparedness and response, to provide support for those Parties which
request technical assistance:
(a) to train personnel;
(b) to ensure the availability of relevant technology, equipment
and facilities;
(c) to facilitate other measures and arrangements to prepare for
and respond to oil pollution incidents; and
(d) to initiate joint research and development programmes.
(2) Parties undertake to co-operate actively, subject to their
national laws, regulations and policies, in the transfer of technology in
respect of oil pollution preparedness and response.
ARTICLE 10 Promotion of bilateral and multilateral co-operation inpreparedness and response
Parties shall endeavour to conclude bilateral or multilateral
agreements for oil pollution preparedness and response. Copies of such
agreements shall be communicated to the Organization which should make
them available on request to Parties.
ARTICLE 11 Relation to other conventions and international agree-ments
Nothing in this Convention shall be construed as altering the rights
or obligations of any Party under any other convention or international
agreement.
ARTICLE 12 Institutional arrangements
(1) Parties designate the Organization, subject to its agreement and
the availability of adequate resources to sustain the activity, to perform
the following functions and activities:
(a) information services:
(i) to receive, collate and disseminate on request the
information provided by Parties (see, for example, articles 5 (2) and (3),
6 (3) and 10) and relevant information provided by other sources; and
(ii) to provide assistance in identifying sources of
provisional financing of costs (see, for example, article 7 (2));
(b) education and training;
(i) to promote training in the field of oil pollution
preparedness and response (see, for example, article 9); and
(ii) to promote the holding of international symposia (see,
for example, article 8 (3));
(c) technical services:
(i) to facilitate co-operation in research and development
(see, for example, articles 8 (1), (2) and (4) and 9 (1) (d));
(ii) to provide advice to States establishing national or
regional response capabilities; and
(iii) to analyse the information provided by Parties (see, for
example, articles 5 (2) and (3), 6 (3) and 8 (1)) and relevant information
provided by other sources and provide advice or information to States;
(d) technical assistance:
(i) to facilitate the provision of technical assistance to
States establishing national or regional response capabilities; and
(ii) to facilitate the provision of technical assistance and
advice, upon the request of States faced with major oil pollution
incidents.
(2) In carrying out the activities specified in this article, the
Organization shall endeavour to strengthen the ability of States
individually or through regional arrangements to prepare for and combat
oil pollution industry arrangements and paying particular attention to the
needs of developing countries.
(3) The provisions of this article shall be implemented in accordance
with a programme developed and kept under review by the Organization.
ARTICLE 13 Evaluation of the Convention
Parties shall evaluate within the Organization the effectiveness of
the Convention in the light of its objectives, particularly with respect
to the principles underlying co-operation and assistance.
ARTICLE 14 Amendments
(1) This Convention may be amended by one of the procedures specified
in the following paragraphs.
(2) Amendment after consideration by the Organization:
(a) Any amendment proposed by a Party to the Convention shall be
submitted to the Organization and circulated by the Secretary-General to
all Members of the Organization and all Parties at least six months prior
to its consideration.
(b) Any amendment proposed and circulated as above shall be
submitted to the Marine Environment Protection Committee of the
Organization for consideration.
(c) Parties to the Convention, whether or not Members of the
Organization, shall be entitled to participate in the proceedings of the
Marine Environment Protection Committee.
(d) Amendments shall be adopted by a two-thirds majority of only
the Parties to the Convention present and voting.
(e) If adopted in accordance with subparagraph (d), amendments
shall be communicated by the Secretary-General to all Parties to the
Convention for acceptance.
(f) (i) An amendment to an article or the Annex of the Convention
shall be deemed to have been accepted on the date on which it is accepted
by two thirds of the Parties.
(ii) An amendment to an appendix shall be deemed to have been
accepted at the end of a period to be determined by the Marine Environment
Protection Committee at the time of its adoption, which period shall not
be less than ten months, unless within that period an objection is
communicated to the Secretary-General by not less than one third of the
Parties.
(g) (i) An amendment to an article or the Annex of the Convention
accepted in conformity with subparagraph (f) (i) shall enter into force
six months after the date on which it is deemed to have been accepted with
respect to the Parties which have notified the Secretary-General that they
have accepted it.
(ii) An amendment to an appendix accepted in conformity with
subparagraph (f) (ii) shall enter into force six months after the date on
which it is deemed to have been accepted with respect to all Parties with
the exception of those which, before that date, have objected to it. A
Party may at any time withdraw a previously communicated objection by
submitting a notification to that effect to the Secretary-General.
(3) Amendment by a Conference:
(a) Upon the request of a Party, concurred with by at least one
third of the Parties, the Secretary-General shall convene a Conference of
Parties to the Convention to consider amendments to the Convention.
(b) An amendment adopted by such a Conference by a two-thirds
majority of those Parties present and voting shall be communicated by the
Secretary General to all Parties for their acceptance.
(c) Unless the Conference decides otherwise, the amendment shall
be deemed to have been accepted and shall enter into force in accordance
with the procedures specified in paragraph (2) (f) and (g).
(4) The adoption and entry into force of an amendment constituting an
addition of an Annex or an appendix shall be subject to the procedure
applicable to an amendment to the Annex.
(5) Any Party which has not accepted an amendment to an article or the
Annex under paragraph (2) (f) (i) or an amendment constituting an addition
of an Annex or an appendix under paragraph (4) or has communicated an
objection to an amendment to an appendix under paragraph (2) (f) (ii)
shall be treated as a non-Party only for the purpose of the application of
such amendment. Such treatment shall terminate upon the submission of a
notification of acceptance under paragraph (2) (f) (i) or withdrawal of
the objection under paragraph (2) (g) (ii).
(6) The Secretary-General shall inform all Parties of any amendment
which enters into force under this article, together with the date on
which the amendment enters into force.
(7) Any notification of acceptance of, objection to, or withdrawal of
objection to, an amendment under this article shall be communicated in
writing to the Secretary-General who shall inform Parties of such
notification and the date of its receipt.
(8) An appendix to the Convention shall contain only provisions of a
technical nature.
ARTICLE 15 Signature, ratification, acceptance, approval and ac-cession
(1) This Convention shall remain open for signature at the
Headquarters of the Organization from 30 November 1990 until 29 November
1991 and shall thereafter remain open for accession. Any State may become
Party to this Convention by:
(a) signature without reservation as to ratification, acceptance
or approval; or
(b) signature subject to ratification, acceptance or approval,
followed by ratification, acceptance or approval; or
(c) accession.
(2) Ratification, acceptance, approval or accession shall be effected
by the deposit of an instrument to that effect with the Secretary-General.
ARTICLE 16 Entry into force
(1) This Convention shall enter into force twelve months after the
date on which not less than fifteen States have either signed it without
reservation as to ratification, acceptance or approval or have deposited
the requisite instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or
accession in accordance with article 15.
(2) For States which have deposited an instrument of ratification,
acceptance, approval or accession in respect of this Convention after the
requirements for entry into force thereof have been met but prior to the
date of entry into force, the ratification, acceptance, approval or
accession shall take effect on the date of entry into force of this
Convention or three months after the date of deposit of the instrument,
whichever is the later date.
(3) For States which have deposited an instrument of ratification,
acceptance, approval or accession after the date on which this Convention
entered into force, this Convention shall become effective three months
after the date of deposit of the instrument.
(4) After the date on which an amendment to this Convention is deemed
to have been accepted under article 14, any instrument of ratification,
acceptance, approval or accession deposited shall apply to this Convention
as amended.
ARTICLE 17 Denunciation
(1) This Convention may be denounced by any Party at any time after
the expiry of five years from the date on which this Convention enters
into force for that Party.
(2) Denunciation shall be effected by notification in writing to the
Secretary-General.
(3) A denunciation shall take effect twelve months after receipt of
the notification of denunciation by the Secretary-General or after the
expiry of any longer period which may be indicated in the notification.
ARTICLE 18 Depositary
(1) This Convention shall be deposited with the Secretary-General.
(2) The Secretary-General shall:
(a) inform all States which have signed this Convention or acceded
thereto of:
(i) each new signature or deposit of an instrument of
ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, together with the date
thereof;
(ii) the date of entry into force of this Convention; and
(iii) the deposit of any instrument of denunciation of this
Convention together with the date on which it was received and the date on
which the denunciation takes effect;
(b) transmit certified true copies of this Convention to the
Governments of all States which have signed this Convention or acceded
thereto.
(3) As soon as this Convention enters into force, a certified true
copy thereof shall be transmitted by the depositary to the
Secretary-General of the United Nations for registration and publication
in accordance with Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations.
ARTICLE 19 Languages
This Convention is established in a single original in the Arabic,
Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish languages, each text being
equally authentic.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned, being duly authorized by their
respective Governments for that purpose, have signed this Convention.
DONE AT London this thirtieth day of November one thousand nine
hundred and ninety.
ANNEX: Reimbursement of costs of assistance
(1) (a) Unless an agreement concerning the financial arrangements
governing actions of Parties to deal with oil pollution incidents has been
concluded on a bilateral or multilateral basis prior to the oil pollution
incident, Parties shall bear the costs of their respective actions in
dealing with pollution in accordance with subparagraph (i) or subparagraph
(ii).
(i) If the action was taken by one Party at the express
request of another Party, the requesting Party shall reimburse to the
assisting Party the cost of its action. The requesting Party may cancel
its request at any time, but in that case it shall bear the costs already
incurred or committed by the assisting Party.
(ii) If the action was taken by a Party on its own initiative,
this Party shall bear the costs of its action.
(b) The principles laid down in subparagraph (a) shall apply
unless the Parties concerned otherwise agree in any individual case.
(2) Unless otherwise agreed, the costs of action taken by a Party at
the request of another Party shall be fairly calculated according to the
law and current practice of the assisting Party concerning the
reimbursement of such costs.
(3) The Party requesting assistance and the assisting Party shall,
where appropriate, co-operate in concluding any action in response to a
compensation claim. To that end, they shall give due consideration to
existing legal regimes. Where the action thus concluded does not permit
full compensation for expenses incurred in the assistance operation, the
Party requesting assistance may ask the assisting Party to waive
reimbursement of the expenses exceeding the sums compensated or to reduce
the costs which have been calculated in accordance with paragraph (2). It
may also request a postponement of the reimbursement of such costs. In
considering such a request, assisting Parties shall give due consideration
to the needs of the developing countries.
(4) The provisions of this Convention shall not be interpreted as in
any way prejudicing the rights of Parties to recover from third parties
the costs of actions to deal with pollution or the threat of pollution
under other applicable provisions and rules of national and international
law. Special attention shall be paid to the 1969 International Convention
on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage and the 1971 International
Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation
for Oil Pollution Damage and any subsequent amendment to those
Conventions.
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