INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION RELATING TO THE LIMITATION OF THE LIABI-LITY OF OWNERS OF SEA-GOING SHIPS, 1957
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION RELATING TO THE LIMITATION OF THE LIABI-LITY OF OWNERS OF SEA-GOING SHIPS, 1957
Whole document
THE HIGH CONTRACTING PARTIES.
HAVING RECOGNISED the desirability of determining by agreement certain
uniform rules relating to the limitation of the liability of owners of
sea-going ships;
HAVE DECIDED to conclude a Convention for this purpose, and thereto
have agreed as follows:
Article 1
(1) The owner of a sea-going ship may limit his liability in
accordance with Article 3 of this Convention in respect of claims arising
from any of the following occurrences, unless the occurrence giving rise
to the claim resulted from the actual fault or privity of the owner:
(a) loss of life of, or personal injury to, any person being
carried in the ship, and loss of, or damage to, any property on board the
ship;
(b) loss of life of, or personal injury to, any other person,
whether on land or on water, loss of or damage to any other property or
infringement of any rights caused by the act, neglect or default of any
person on board the ship for whose act, neglect or default the owner is
responsible or any person not on board the ship for whose act, neglect or
default the owner is responsible; Provided however that in regard to the
act, neglect or default of this last class of person, the owner shall
only be entitled to limit his liability when the act, neglect or default
is one which occurs in the navigation or the management of the ship or in
the loading, carriage or discharge of its cargo or in the embarkation,
carriage or disembarkation of its passengers;
(c) any obligation or liability imposed by any law relating to the
removal of wreck and arising from or in connection with the raising,
removal or destruction of any ship which is sunk, stranded or abandoned
(including anything which may be on board such ship) and any obligation or
liability arising out of damage caused to harbour works, basins and
navigable waterways.
(2) In the present Convention the expression "personal claims" means
claims" means claims resulting from loss of life and personal injury; the
expression "property claims" means all other claims set out in paragraph
(1) of this Article.
(3) An owner shall be entitled to limit his liability in the cases set
out in paragraph (1) of this Article even in cases where his liability
arises, without proof of negligence on the part of the crew, by any
servants of the crew, by any servants of the owner on board the ship or by
servants of the owner on board the ship or by servants of the owner, or of
persons for whose conduct he is responsible, by reason of his ownership,
possession, custody or control of the ship.
(4) Nothing in his Article shall apply:
(a) to claims for salvage or to claims for contribution in general
average;
(b) to claims by the Master, by members of the crew, by any
servants of the owner on board the ship or by servants of the owner whose
duties are connected with the ship, including the claims of their heirs,
personal representatives or dependants, if under the law governing the
contract of service between the owner and such servants the owner is not
entitled to limit his liability in respect of such claims or if he is by
such law only permitted to limit his liability to an amount greater than
that provided for in Article 3 of this Convention.
(5) If the owner of a ship is entitled to make a claim against a
claimant arising out of the same occurrence, their respective claims shall
be set off against each other and the provisions of this Convention shall
only apply to the balance, if any.
(6) The question upon whom lies the burden of proving whether or not
the occurrence giving rise to the claim resulted from the actual fault or
privity of the owner shall be determined by the lex fori.
(7) The act of invoking limitation of liability shall not constitute
an admission of liability.
Article 2
(1) The limit of liability prescribed by Article 3 of this Convention
shall apply to the aggregate of personal claims and property claims which
arise on any distinct occasion without regard to any claims which have
arisen or may arise on any other distinct occasion.
(2) Where the aggregate of the claims which arise on any distinct
occasion exceeds the limits of liability provided for by Article 3 the
total sum representing such limits of liability may be constituted as one
distinct limitation fund.
(3) The fund thus constituted shall be available only for the payment
of claims in respect of which limitation of liability can be invoked.
(4) After the fund has been constituted, no claimant against the fund
shall be entitled to exercise any right against any other assets of the
shipowner in respect of his claim against the fund, if the limitation fund
is actually available for the benefit of the claimant.
Article 3
(1) The amounts to which the owner of a ship may limit his liability
under Article 1 shall be:
(a) where the occurrence has only given rise to property claims an
aggregate amount of 1 000 francs for each ton of the ship's tonnage;
(b) where the occurrence has only given rise to personal claims an
aggregate amount of 3 100 francs for each ton of the ship's tonnage;
(c) where the occurrence has given rise both to personal claims
and property claims an aggregate amount of 3100 francs for each ton of the
ship's tonnage, of which a first portion amounting to 2100 francs for each
ton of the ship's tonnage shall be exclusively appropriated to the payment
of personal claims and of which a second portion amounting to 1000 francs
for each ton of the ship's tonnage shall be appropriated to the payment of
property claims: Provided however that in cases where the first portion is
insufficient to pay the personal claims in full, the unpaid balance of
such claims shall rank rateably with the property claims for payment
against the second portion of the fund.
(2) In each portion of the limitation fund the distribution among the
claimants shall be made in proportion to the amounts of their established
claims.
(3) If before the fund is distributed the owner has paid in whole or
in part any of the claims set out in Article 1 paragraph (1), he shall pro
tanto be placed in the same position in relation to the fund as the
claimant whose claim he has paid, but only to the extent that the claimant
whose claim he has paid would have had a right of recovery against him
under the national law of the State where the fund has been constituted.
(4) Where the shipowner establishes that he may at a later date be
compelled to pay in whole or in part any of the claims set out in Article
1 paragraph (1) the Court or other competent authority of the State where
the fund has been constituted may order that a sufficient sum shall be
provisionally set aside to enable the shipowner at such later date to
enforce his claim against the fund in the manner set out in the preceding
paragraph.
(5) For the purpose of ascertaining the limit of an owner's liability
in accordance with the provisions of this Article the tonnage of a ship of
less than 300 tons shall be deemed to be 300 tons.
(6) The franc mentioned in this Article shall be deemed to refer to a
unit consisting of sixty five and a half milligrams of gold of millesimal
fineness nine hundred. The amounts mentioned in paragraph (1) of this
Article shall be converted into the national currency of the State in
which limitation is sought on the basis of the value of that currency by
reference to the unit defined above at the date on which the shipowner
shall have constituted the limitation fund, made the payment or given a
guarantee which under the law of that State is equivalent to such payment.
(7) For the purpose of this convention tonnage shall be calculated as
follows: in the case of steamships or other mechanically propelled ships
there shall be taken the net tonnage with the addition of the amount
deducted from the gross tonnage on account of engine room space for the
purpose of ascertaining the net tonnage; in the case of all other ships
there shall be taken the net tonnage.
Article 4
Without prejudice to the provisions of Article 3, paragraph (2) of
this Convention, the rules relating to the constitution and distribution
of the limitation fund, if any, and all rules of procedure shall be
governed by the national law of the State in which the fund is
constituted.
Article 5
(1) Whenever a shipowner is entitled to limit his liability under this
Convention, and the ship or another ship or other property in the same
ownership has been arrested within the jurisdiction of a Contracting State
or bail or other security has been given to avoid arrest, the Court or
other competent authority of such State may order the release of the ship
or other property or of the security given if it is established that the
shipowner has already given satisfactory bail or security in a sum equal
to the full limit of his liability under this Convention and that the bail
or other security so given is actually available for the benefit of the
claimant in accordance with his rights.
(2) Where, in circumstances mentioned in paragraph (1) of this
Article, bail or other security has already been given:
(a) at the port where the accident giving rise to the claim
occurred;
(b) at the first port of call after the accident if the accident
did not occur in a port;
(c) at the port of disembarkation or discharge if the claim is a
personal claim or relates to damage to cargo;
the Court or other competent authority shall order the release of the
ship or the bail or other security given, subject to the conditions set
forth in paragraph (1) of this Article.
(3) The provisions of paragraphs (1) and (2) of this Article shall
apply likewise if the bail or other security already given is in a sum
less than the full limit of liability under this Convention: Provided that
satisfactory bail or other security is given for the balance.
(4) When the shipowner has given bail or other security in a sum equal
to the full limit of his liability under this Convention such bail or
other security shall be available for the payment of all claims arising on
a distinct occasion and in respect of which the shipowner may limit his
liability.
(5) Questions of procedure relating to actions brought under the
provisions of this Convention and also the time limit within which such
actions shall be brought or prosecuted shall be decided in accordance with
the national law of the Contracting State in which the action takes place.
Article 6
(1) In this Convention the liability of the shipowner includes the
liability of the ship herself.
(2) Subject to paragraph (3) of this Article, the provisions of this
Convention shall apply to the charterer, manager and operator of the ship,
and to the master, members of the crew and other servants of the owner,
charterer, manager or operator acting in the course of their employment,
in the same way as they apply to an owner himself: Provided that the total
limits of liability of the owner and all such other persons in respect of
personal claims and property claims arising on a distinct occasion shall
not exceed the amounts determined in accordance with Article 3 of this
Convention.
(3) When actions are brought against the master or against members of
the crew such persons may limit their liability even if the occurrence
which gives rise to the claims resulted from the actual fault or privity
of one or more of such persons. If however, the master or member of the
crew is at the same time the owner, co-owner, charterer, manager or
operator of the ship the provisions of this paragraph shall only apply
where the act, neglect or default in question is an act, neglect or
default committed by the person in question in his capacity as master or
as member of the crew of the ship.
Article 7
This Convention shall apply whenever the owner of a ship, or any other
person having by virtue of the provisions of Article 6 hereof the same
rights as an owner of a ship, limits or seeks to limit his liability
before a court of a Contracting State or seeks to procure the release of a
ship or other property arrested or the bail or other security given within
the jurisdiction of any such State.
Nevertheless, each Contracting State shall have the right to exclude,
wholly or partially, from the benefits of this Convention any
non-Contracting State, or any person who, at the time when he seeks to
limit his liability or to secure the release of a ship or other property
arrested or the bail or other security in accordance with the provisions
of Article 5 hereof, is not ordinarily resident in a Contracting State, or
does not have his principal place of business in a Contracting State, or
any ship in respect of which limitation of liability or release is sought
which does not at the time specified above fly the flag of a Contracting
State.
Article 8
Each Contracting State reserves the right to decide what other classes
of ship shall be treated in the same manner as sea-going ships for the
purposes of this Convention.
Article 9
This Convention shall be open for signature by the States represented
at the tenth session of the Diplomatic Conference on Maritime Law.
Article 10
This Convention shall be ratified and the instruments of ratification
shall be deposited with the Belgian Government which shall notify through
diplomatic channels all signatory and acceding States of their deposit.
Article 11
(1) This Convention shall come into force six months after the date of
deposit of at least ten instruments of ratification, of which at least
five shall have been deposited by States that have each a tonnage equal or
superior to one million gross tons of tonnage.
(2) For each signatory State which ratifies the Convention after the
date of deposit of the instrument of ratification determining the coming
into force such as is stipulated in paragraph (1) of this Article, this
Convention shall come into force six months after the deposit of their
instrument of ratification.
Article 12
Any State not represented at the tenth session of the Diplomatic
Conference on Maritime Law may accede to this Convention.
The instruments of accession shall be deposited with the Belgian
Government which shall inform through diplomatic channels all signatory
and acceding States of the deposit of any such instruments.
The Convention shall come into force in respect of the acceding State
six months after the date of the deposit of the instrument of accession to
that State, but not before the date of entry into force of the Convention
as established by Article 11(1).
Article 13
Each High Contracting Parity shall have the right to denounce this
Convention at any time after the coming into force thereof in respect of
such High Contracting Party. Nevertheless, this denunciation shall only
take effect one year after the date on which notification thereof has been
received by the Belgian Government which shall inform through diplomatic
channels all signatory and acceding States of such notification.
Article 14
(1) Any High Contracting Party may at the time of its ratification of
or accession to this Convention or at any time thereafter declare by
written notification to the Belgian Government that the Convention shall
extend to any of the territories for whose international relations it is
responsible. The Convention shall six months after the date of the receipt
of such notification by the Belgian Government extend to the territories
named therein, but not before the date of the coming into force of this
Convention in respect of such High Contracting Party;
(2) Any High Contracting Party which has made a declaration under
paragraph (1) of this Article extending the Convention to any territory
for whose international relations it is responsible may at any time
thereafter declare by notification given to the Belgian Government that
the Convention shall cease to extend to such territory. This denunciation
shall take effect one year after the date on which notification thereof
has been received by the Belgian Government;
(3) The Belgian Government shall inform through diplomatic channels
all signatory and acceding States of any notification received by it under
this Article.
Article 15
Any High Contracting Party may three years after the coming into force
of this Convention in respect of such High Contracting Party or at any
time thereafter request that a Conference be convened in order to consider
amendments to this Convention.
Any High Contracting Party proposing to avail itself of this right
shall notify the Belgian Government which shall convene the Conference
within six months thereafter.
Article 16
In respect of the relations between States which ratify this
Convention or accede to it, this Convention shall replace and abrogate the
International Convention for the Unification of certain Rules concerning
the Limitation of the Liability of the Owner s of Sea-going Ships, signed
at Brussels, on August 25, 1924.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF the Plenipotentiaries, duly authorized, have signed
this Convention.
DONE AT BRUSSELS, this tenth day of October 1957, in the French and
English languages, the two texts being equally authentic, in a single
copy, which shall remain deposited in the archives of the Belgian
Government, which shall issue certified copies.
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