INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE SAFETY OF LIFE AT SEA, 1974

INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE SAFETY OF LIFE AT SEA, 1974 Whole document TABLE OF CONTENTS ARTICLES OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION FOR THE SAFETY OF LIFE AT SEA, 1974

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to indicate at one or more points or stations where it can be most quickly observed by officers and crew, the presence or indication of fire and also its location.

Regulation 41: Deck Coverings* [* Reference is made to Improved Provisional Guidelines on Test Procedures for Primary Deck Coverings, adopted by the Organization by Resolution A.214 (VII).] Primary deck coverings within accommodation spaces, control stations, stairways and corridors shall be of approved material which will not readily ignite.

Regulation 42: Protection of Stairways and Lifts in Accommodationand Service Spaces (a) All stairways and means of escape in accommodation and service spaces shall be of steel or other suitable material.

(b) Passenger and service lift trunks, vertical trunks for light and air to passenger spaces, etc., shall be of "A" Class divisions. Doors shall be of steel or other equivalent material and when closed shall provide fire resistance at least as effective as the trunks in which they are fitted.

Regulation 43: Protection of Control Stations and Store-rooms (a) Control stations shall be separated from the remainder of the ship by "A" Class bulkheads and decks.

(b) The boundary bulkheads of baggage rooms, mail rooms, store-rooms, paint and lamp lockers, galleys and similar spaces shall be of "A" Class divisions. Spaces containing highly inflammable stores shall be so situated as to minimize the danger to passengers or crew in the event of fire.

Regulation 44: Windows and Sidescuttles (a) All windows and sidescuttles in bulkheads separating accommodation spaces from weather shall be constructed with frames of steel or other suitable materials. The glass shall be retained by a metal glazing bead.

(b) All windows and sidescuttles in bulkheads within accommodation spaces shall be constructed so as to preserve the integrity requirements of the type of bulkhead in which they are fitted.

Regulation 45: Ventilation Systems Power ventilation of machinery spaces shall be capable of being stooped from an easily accessible position outside the machinery spaces.

Regulation 46: Details of Construction (a) Paints, varnishes and similar preparations having a nitrocellulose or other highly inflammable base shall not be used in any part of the ship.

(b) Pipes penetrating "A" or "B" Class divisions shall be of a material approved by the Administration having regard to the temperature such divisions are required to withstand. Pipes conveying oil or combustible liquids shall be of a material approved by the Administration having regard to the fire risk. Materials readily rendered ineffective by heat shall not be used for overboard scuppers, sanitary discharges, and other outlets which are close to the water-line and where the failure of the material in the event of fire would give rise to danger of flooding.

(c) In spaces containing main propulsion machinery, or oil-fired boilers, or auxiliary internal combustion type machinery of total power output of 746 kW or over, the following measures shall be taken: (i) skylights shall be capable of being closed from outside the space; (ii) skylights containing glass panels shall be fitted with external shutters of steel or other equivalent material permanently attached; (iii) any window permitted by the Administration in casings of such spaces shall be of the non-opening type, and shall be fitted with an external shutter of steel or other equivalent material permanently attached; and (iv) in the windows and skylights referred to in sub-paragraphs (i), (ii) and (iii) of this paragraph, wire reinforced glass shall be used.

Regulation 47: Fire Detection Systems and Fire-Extinguishing Equ-ipment (a) Patrols and Detection (i) An efficient patrol system shall be maintained in all ships so that any outbreak of fire may be promptly detected. Manual fire alarms shall be fitted throughout the passenger and crew accommodation to enable the fire patrol to give an alarm immediately to the navigating bridge or fire control station.

(ii) An approved fire alarm or fire detecting system shall be provided with will automatically indicate at one or more suitable points or stations the presence or indication of fire and its location in any part of the ship which, in the opinion of the Administration, is not accessible to the patrol system, except where it is shown to the satisfaction of the Administration that the ship is engaged on voyages of such short duration that it would be unreasonable to apply this requirement.

(iii) The ship, whether new or existing, shall at all times when at sea, or in port (except when out of service), be so manned or equipped as to ensure that any initial fire alarm is immediately received by a responsible member of the crew.

(b) Fire Pumps and Fire Main System The ship shall be provided with fire pumps, fire main system, hydrants and hoses complying with Regulation 5 of this Chapter and with the following requirements: (i) A ship of 4,000 tons gross tonnage and upwards shall be provided with at least three independently driven fire pumps and every ship of less than 4,000 tons gross tonnage with at least two such fire pumps.

(ii) In a ship of 1,000 tons gross tonnage and upwards, the arrangement of sea connexions, pumps and sources of power for operating them shall be such as to ensure that a fire in any one compartment will not put all the fire pumps out of action.

(iii) In a ship of less than 1,000 tons gross tonnage the arrangements shall be to the satisfaction of the Administration.

(c) Fire Hydrants, Hoses and Nozzles (i) The ship shall be provided with such number of fire hoses as the Administration may deem sufficient. There shall be at least one fire hose for each of the hydrants required by paragraph (d) of Regulation 5 of this Chapter and these hoses shall be used only for the purposes of extinguishing fires or testing the fire-extinguishing apparatus at fire drills and surveys.

(ii) In accommodation, service and machinery spaces, the number and position of hydrants shall be such that the requirements of paragraph (d) of Regulation 5 of this Chapter may be complied with when all watertight doors and all doors in main vertical zone bulkheads are closed.

(iii) The arrangements shall be such that at least two jets of water can reach any part of any cargo space when empty.

(iv) All required hydrants in the machinery spaces of ships with oil-fired boilers or internal combustion type propelling machinery shall be fitted with hoses having nozzles as required in paragraph (g) of Regulation 5 of this Chapter.

(d) International Shore Connexion (i) A ship of 1,000 tons gross tonnage and upwards shall be provided with at least one international shore connexion, complying with paragraph (h) of Regulation 5 of this Chapter.

(ii) Facilities shall be available enabling such a connexion to be used on either side of the ship.

(e) Portable Fire Extinguishers in Accommodation and Service Spaces The ship shall be provided in accommodation and service spaces with such approved portable fire extinguishers as the Administration may deem to be appropriate and sufficient.

(f) Fixed Fire-Extinguishing Arrangements in Cargo Spaces (i) The cargo spaces of ships of 1,000 tons gross tonnage and upwards shall be protected by a fixed gas fire-extinguishing system complying with Regulation 8 of this Chapter.

(ii) Where it is shown to the satisfaction of the Administration that a ship is engaged on voyages of such short duration that it would be unreasonable to apply the requirements of sub-paragraph (i) of this paragraph and also in ships of less than 1,000 tons gross tonnage, the arrangements in cargo spaces shall be to the satisfaction of the Administration.

(g) Fire-Extinguishing Appliances in Boiler Rooms, etc.

Where main or auxiliary oil-fire boilers are situated, or in spaces containing oil fuel units or settling tanks, a ship shall be provided with the following arrangements: (i) There shall be any one of the following fixed fire-extinguishing installations: (1) a pressure water-spraying system complying with Regulation 11 of this Chapter; (2) a gas fire-extinguishing installation complying with Regulation 8 of this Chapter; (3) a fixed froth installation complying with Regulation 9 of this Chapter. (The Administration may require fixed or mobile arrangements by pressure water or froth spraying to fight fire above the floor plates.) In each case if the engine and boiler rooms are not entirely separate, or if fuel oil can drain from the boiler room into the engine room bilges, the combined engine and boiler rooms shall be considered as one compartment.

(ii) There shall be at least two approved portable extinguishers discharging froth or other approved medium suitable for extinguishing oil fires, in each firing space in each boiler room and each space in which a part of the oil fuel installation is situated. There shall be not less than one approved froth type extinguisher of at least 136 litres (30 gallons) capacity or equivalent in each boiler room. These extinguishers shall be provided with hoses on reels suitable for reaching any part of the boiler room and spaces containing any part of the oil fuel installations.

(iii) In each firing space there shall be a receptacle containing sand, sawdust impregnated with soda or other approved dry material, in such quantity as may be required by the Administration. Alternatively an approved portable extinguisher may be substituted therefor.

(h) Fire-Fighting Appliances in Spaces containing Internal Combustion Type Machinery Where internal combustion type engines are used, either for main propulsion or for auxiliary purposes associated with a total power output of not less than 746 kW, a ship shall be provided with the following arrangements: (i) there shall be one of the fixed arrangements required by sub-paragraph (g) (i) of this Regulation; (ii) there shall be in each engine space one approved froth-type extinguisher of not less than 45 litres (10 gallons) capacity or equivalent and also one approved portable froth-type extinguisher for each 746 kW of engine power output or part thereof; but the total number of portable extinguishers so supplied shall be not less than two and need not exceed six.

(i) Fire-Fighting Arrangements in Spaces containing Steam Turbines and not requiring any Fixed Installation The Administration shall give special consideration to the fire-extinguishing arrangements to be provided in spaces containing steam turbines which are separated from boiler rooms by watertight bulkheads.

(j) Fireman's Outfits and Personal Equipment (i) The minimum number of fireman's outfits complying with the requirements of Regulation 14 of this Chapter, and of additional sets of personal equipment, each such set comprising the items stipulated in subparagraphs (a)(i), (ii) and (iii) of that Regulation, to be carried, shall be as follows: (1) two fireman's outfits; and in addition (2) for every 80 metres (262 feet) or part thereof, of the aggregate of the lengths of all passenger spaces and service spaces on the deck which carries such spaces or, if there is more than one such deck, on the deck which has the largest aggregate of such lengths, two fireman's outfits and two sets of personal equipment, each such set comprising the items stipulated in Regulation 14 (a) (i), (ii) and (iii) of this Chapter.

(ii) For each fireman's outfit which includes a self-contained breathing apparatus as provided in paragraph (b) of Regulation 14 of this Chapter, spare charges shall be carried on a scale approved by the Administration.

(iii) Fireman's outfits and sets of personal equipment shall be stored in widely separated positions ready for use. At least two fireman's outfits and one set of personal equipment shall be available at any one position.

Regulation 48: Means of Escape (a) In and from all passenger and crew spaces and spaces in which crew are normally employed, other than machinery spaces, stairways and ladderways shall be arranged so as to provide ready means of escape to the lifeboat embarkation deck. In particular the following precautions shall be complied with: (i) below the bulkhead deck, two means of escape, at least one of which shall be independent of watertight doors, shall be provided for each watertight compartment or similarly restricted space or group of spaces.

One of these means of escape may be dispensed with by the Administration, due regard being paid to the nature and the location of spaces concerned, and to the number of persons who normally might be quartered or employed there; (ii) above the bulkhead deck, there shall be at least two practical means of escape from each main vertical zone or similarly restricted space or group of spaces at least one of which shall give access to a stairway forming a vertical escape; and (iii) at least one of the means of escape shall be by means of a readily accessible enclosed stairway, which shall provide as far as practicable continuous fire shelter from the level of its origin to the lifeboat embarkation deck. The width, number and continuity of the stairways shall be to the satisfaction of the Administration.

(b) In machinery spaces, two means of escape, one of which may be a watertight door, shall be provided from each engine room, shaft tunnel and boiler room. In machinery spaces, where no watertight door is available, the two means of escape shall be formed by two sets of steel ladders as widely separated as possible leading to doors in the casing similarly separated and from which access is provided to the embarkation deck. In the case of ships of less than 2,000 tons gross tonnage, the Administration may dispense with this requirement, due regard being paid to the width and the disposition of the casing.

Regulation 49: Oil Fuel used for Internal Combustion Engines No internal combustion engine shall be used for any fixed installation in a ship if its fuel has a flashpoint of 43 ¡æ (110 ¡ãF) or less (closed cup test) as determined by an approved flashpoint apparatus.

Regulation 50: Special Arrangements in Machinery Spaces (a) Means shall be provided for stopping ventilating fans serving machinery and cargo spaces and for closing all doorways, ventilators, annular spaces around funnels and other openings to such spaces. These means shall be capable of being operated from outside such spaces in case of fire.

(b) Machinery driving forced and induced draught fans, oil fuel transfer pumps, oil fuel unit pumps and other similar fuel pumps shall be fitted with remote controls situated outside the space concerned so that they may be stopped in the event of a fire arising in the space in which they are located.

(c) Every oil fuel suction pipe from a storage, settling or daily service tank situated above the double bottom shall be fitted with a cock or valve capable of being closed from outside the space concerned in the event of a fire arising in the space in which such tanks are situated. In the special case of deep tanks situated in any shaft or pipe tunnel, valves on the tanks shall be fitted but control in event of fire may be effected by means of an additional valve on the pipeline or lines outside the tunnel or tunnels.

PART D FIRE SAFETY MEASURES FOR CARGO SHIPS* [* See IMCO Recommendations concerning Fire Safety Requirements for Cargo Ships contained in Resolution A. 327 (IX) of November 12, 1975 as well as Resolution A. 417 (XI) of November 15, 1979 reproduced after the Convention.] Regulation 51: General Requirements for Cargo Ships of 4,000 tonsGross Tonnage and Up-wards other than Tankers Covered by Part E of thisChapter (a) The hull, superstructure, structural bulkheads, decks and deckhouses shall be constructed of steel, except where the Administration may sanction the use of other suitable material in special cases, having in mind the risk of fire.

(b) In accommodation spaces, the corridor bulkheads shall be of steel or be constructed of "B" Class panels.

(c) Deck coverings within accommodation spaces on the decks forming the crown of machinery and cargo spaces shall be of a type which will not readily ignite.

(d) Interior stairways below the weather deck shall be of steel or other suitable material. Crew lift trunks within accommodation shall be of steel or equivalent material.

(e) Bulkheads of galleys, paint stores, lamp rooms, boatswain's stores when adjacent to accommodation spaces and emergency generator rooms if any, shall be of steel or equivalent material.

(f) In accommodation and machinery spaces, paints, varnishes and similar preparations having a nitrocellulose or other highly inflammable base shall not be used.

(g) Pipes conveying oil or combustible liquids shall be of a material approved by the Administration having regard to the fire risk. Materials readily rendered ineffective by heat shall not be used for overboard scuppers, sanitary discharges, and other outlets which are close to the water-line and where the failure of the material in the event of fire would give rise to danger of flooding.

(h) Power ventilation of machinery spaces shall be capable of being stopped from an easily accessible position outside the machinery spaces.

Regulation 52: Fire-Extinguishing Systems and Equipment (a) Application Where ships have a lower gross tonnage than those quoted in this Regulation the arrangements for the items covered in this Regulation shall be to the satisfaction of the Administration.

(b) Fire Pumps and Fire Main System The ship shall be provided with fire pumps, fire main system, hydrants and hoses complying with Regulation 5 of this Chapter and with the following requirements: (i) A ship of 1,000 tons gross tonnage and upwards shall be provided with two independently driven power pumps.

(ii) In a ship of 1,000 tons gross tonnage and upwards if a fire in any one compartment could put all the pumps out of action, there must be an alternative means of providing water for fire fighting. In s ship of 2,000 tons gross tonnage and upwards this alternative means shall be a fixed emergency pump independently driven. This emergency pump shall be capable of supplying two jets of water to the satisfaction of the Administration.

(c) Fire Hydrants, Hoses and Nozzles (i) In a ship of 1,000 tons gross tonnage and upwards the number of fire hoses to be provided, each complete with couplings and nozzles, shall be one for each 30 metres (100 feet) length of the ship and one spare but in no case less than five in all. This number does not include any hoses required in any engine or boiler room. The Administration may increase the number of the hoses required so as to ensure that hoses in sufficient number are available and accessible at all times, having regard to the type of the ship and the nature of the trade on which the ship is employed.

(ii) In accommodation, service and machinery spaces, the number and position of hydrants shall be such as to comply with the requirements of paragraph (d) of Regulation 5 of this Chapter.

(iii) In a ship the arrangements shall be such that at least two jets of water can reach any part of any cargo space when empty.

(iv) All required hydrants in the machinery spaces of ships with oil-fired boilers or internal combustion type propelling machinery shall be fitted with hoses having nozzles as required in paragraph (g) of Regulation 5 of this Chapter.

(d) International Shore Connexion (i) A ship of 1,000 tons gross tonnage and upwards shall be provided with at least one international shore connexion, complying with paragraph (h) of Regulation 5 of this Chapter.

(ii) Facilities shall be available enabling such a connexion to be used on either side of the ship.

(e) Portable Fire Extinguishers in Accommodation and Service Spaces The ship shall be provided in accommodation and service spaces with such approved portable fire extinguishers as the Administration may deem to be appropriate and sufficient; in any case, their number shall not be less than five for ships of 1,000 tons gross tonnage and upwards.

(f) Fixed Fire-Extinguishing Arrangements in Cargo Spaces (i) Cargo spaces of ships of 2,000 tons gross tonnage and upwards shall be protected by a fixed fire-extinguishing system complying with Regulation 8 of this Chapter.

(ii) The Administration may exempt from the requirements of sub-paragraph (i) of this paragraph the cargo holds of any ship (other than the tanks of a tanker): (1) if they are provided with steel hatch covers and effective means of closing all ventilators and other openings leading to the holds; (2) if the ship is constructed and intended solely for carrying such cargoes as ore, coal or grain; or (3) where it is shown to the satisfaction of the Administration that the ship is engaged on voyages of such short duration that it would be unreasonable to apply the requirement.

(iii) Every ship in addition to complying with the requirements of this Regulation shall, while carrying explosives of such nature or in such quantity as are not permitted to be carried in passenger ships under Regulation 7 of Chapter VII of this Convention comply with the following requirements: (1) Steam shall not be used in any compartment containing explosives. For the purpose of this sub-paragraph, "compartment" means all spaces contained between two adjacent permanent bulkheads and includes the lower hold and all cargo spaces above it.

(2) In addition, in each compartment containing explosives and in adjacent cargo compartments, there shall be provided a smoke or fire-detection system in each cargo space.

(g) Fire-Extinguishing Appliances in Boiler Rooms, etc.

Where main or auxiliary oil-fired boilers are situated, or in spaces containing oil fuel units or settling tanks, a ship of 1,000 tons gross tonnage and upwards shall be provided with the following arrangements: (i) There shall be any one the following fixed fire-extinguishing installations: (1) A pressure water-spraying system complying with Regulation 11 of this Chapter.

(2) A fire-extinguishing installation complying with Regulation 8 of this Chapter.

(3) A fixed froth installation complying with Regulation 9 of this Chapter. (The Administration may require fixed or mobile arrangements by pressure water or froth spraying to fight fire above the floor plates.) In each case if the engine and boiler rooms are not entirely separate, or if fuel oil can drain from the boiler room into the engine room bilges, the combined engine and boiler rooms shall be considered as one compartment.

(ii) There shall be at least two approved portable extinguishers discharging froth or other approved medium suitable for extinguishing oil fires in each firing space in each boiler room and each space in which a part of the oil fuel installation is situated. In addition, there shall be at least one extinguisher of the same description with a capacity of 9 litres (2 gallons) for each burner, provided that the total capacity of the additional extinguisher, or extinguishers need not exceed 45 litres (10 gallons) for any one boiler room.

(iii) In each firing space there shall be a receptacle containing sand, sawdust impregnated with soda, or other approved dry material in such quantity as may be required by the Administration. Alternatively an approved portable extinguisher may be substituted therefor.

(h) Fire-Fighting Appliances in Spaces containing Internal Combustion Type Machinery Where internal combustion type engines are used, either for main propulsion machinery, or for auxiliary purposes associated with a total power output of not less than 746 kW, a ship of 1,000 tons gross tonnage and upwards shall be provided with the following arrangements: (i) There shall be one of the fixed arrangement required by sub-paragraph (g) (i) of this Regulation.

(ii) There shall be in each engine space one approved froth-type extinguisher of not less than 45 litres (10 gallons) capacity or equivalent and also one approved portable froth extinguisher for each 746 kW of engine power output or part thereof; but the total number of portable extinguishers so supplied shall be not less than two and need not exceed six.

(i) Fire-Fighting Arrangements in Spaces containing Steam Turbines and not requiring any Fixed Installation The Administration shall given special consideration to the fire-extinguishing arrangements to be provided in spaces containing steam turbines which are separated from boiler rooms by watertight bulkheads.

(j) Fireman's Outfits and Personal Equipment (i) The ship, whether new or existing, shall carry at least two fireman's outfits complying with the requirements of Regulation 14 of this Chapter. Furthermore, Administrations may require in large ships additional sets of personal equipment and in tankers and special ships such as factory ships additional fireman's outfits.

(ii) For each fireman's outfit which includes a self-contained breathing apparatus as provided in paragraph (b) of Regulation 14 of this Chapter, spare charges shall be carried on a scale approved by the Administration.

(iii) The fireman's outfits and personal equipment shall be stored so as to be easily accessible and ready for use and, where more than one fireman's outfit and set of personal equipment are carried, they shall be stored in widely separated positions.

Regulation 53: Means of Escape (a) In and from all crew and passenger spaces and spaces in which crew are normally employed, other than machinery spaces, stairways and ladders shall be arranged so as to provide ready means of escape to the lifeboat embarkation deck.

(b) In machinery spaces, two means of escape, one of which may be a watertight door, shall be provided from each engine room, shaft tunnel and boiler room. In machinery spaces, where no watertight door is available, the two means of escape shall be formed by two sets of steel ladders as widely separated as possible leading to doors in the casing similarly separated and from which access is provided to the embarkation deck. In the case of ships of less than 2,000 tons gross tonnage, the Administration may dispense with this requirement, due regard being paid to the width and the disposition of the casing. Regulation 54: Special Arrangements in Machinery Spaces (a) Means shall be provided for stopping ventilating fans serving machinery and cargo spaces and for closing all doorways, ventilators, annular spaces around funnels and other openings to such spaces. These means shall be capable of being operated from outside such spaces in case of fire.

(b) Machinery driving forced and induced draught fans, oil fuel transfer pumps, oil fuel unit pumps and other similar fuel pumps shall be fitted with remote controls situated outside the space concerned so that they may be stopped in the event of a fire arising in the space in which they are located.

(c) Every oil fuel suction pipe from a storage, settling or daily service tank situated above the double bottom shall be fitted with a cock or valve capable of being closed from outside the space concerned in the event of a fire arising in the space in which such tanks are situated. In the special case of deep tanks situated in any shaft or pipe tunnel, valves on the tanks shall be fitted but control in event of fire may be effected by means of an additional valve on the pipeline or lines outside the tunnel or tunnels.

PART E FIRE SAFETY MEASURES FOR TANKERS
Regulation 55: Application (a) This Part shall apply to all new tankers carrying crude oil and petroleum products having a flashpoint not exceeding 60 ¡æ (140 ¡ãF) (closed cup test) as determined by an approved flashpoint apparatus and whose Reid vapour pressure is below that of atmospheric pressure, and other liquid products having a similar fire hazard.

(b) In addition, all ships covered by this Part shall comply with the requirements of Regulations 52, 53 and 54 of this Chapter, except that paragraph (f) of Regulation 52 need not apply to tankers complying with Regulation 60 of this Chapter.

(c) Where cargoes other than those referred to in paragraph (a) of this Regulation which introduce additional fire hazards are intended to be carried, additional safety measures shall be required to the satisfaction of the Administration.

(d) Combination carriers shall not carry solid cargoes unless all cargo tanks are empty of oil and gas freed or unless, in each case, the Administration is satisfied with the arrangements provided.

Regulation 56: Location and Separation of Spaces (a) Machinery spaces of Category A shall be positioned aft of cargo tanks and slop tanks and shall be isolated from them by a cofferdam, cargo pump room or oil fuel bunker tank; they shall also be situated aft of such cargo pump rooms and cofferdams, but not necessarily aft of the oil fuel bunker tanks. However, the lower portion of the pump room may be recessed into such spaces to accommodate pumps provided the deck head of the recess is in general not more than one-third of the moulded depth above the keel except that in the case of ships of not more than 25,000 metric tons deadweight, where it can be demonstrated that for reasons of access and satisfactory piping arrangements this is impracticable, the Administration may permit a recess in excess of such height, but not exceeding one half of the moulded depth above the keel.

(b) Accommodation spaces, main cargo control stations, control stations and service spaces shall be positioned aft of all cargo tanks, slop tanks, cargo pump rooms and cofferdams which isolate cargo or slop tanks from machinery spaces of Category A. Any common bulkhead separating a cargo pump room, including the pump room entrance, from accommodation and service spaces and control stations shall be constructed to "A-60" Class. Where deemed necessary, accommodation spaces, control stations, machinery spaces other than those of Category A and service spaces may be permitted forward of all cargo tanks, slop tanks, cargo pump rooms and cofferdams subject to an equivalent standard of safety and appropriate availability of fire-extinguishing arrangements being provided to the satisfaction of the Administration.

(c) Where the fitting of a navigation position above the cargo tank area is shown to be necessary it shall be for navigation purposes only and it shall be separated from the cargo tank deck by means of an open space with a height of at least 2 metres. The fire protection of such navigation position shall in addition be as required for control spaces as set forth in paragraphs (a) and (b) of Regulation 57 and other provisions as applicable of this Part.

(d) Means shall be provided to keep deck spills away from the accommodation and service areas. This may be accomplished by provision of a permanent continuous coaming of a suitable height extending from side to side. Special consideration shall be given to the arrangements associated with stern loading.

(e) Exterior boundaries of superstructures and deckhouses enclosing accommodation and service spaces and including any overhanging decks which support such accommodation, shall be insulated to "A-60" Class for the whole of the portions which face cargo oil tanks and for 3 metres aft of the front boundary. In the case of the sides of these superstructures and deckhouses, such insulation shall be carried as high as is deemed necessary by the Administration.

(f) In boundaries, facing cargo tanks, of superstructures and deckhouses containing accommodation and service spaces the following provisions shall apply: (i) No doors shall be permitted in such boundaries, except that doors to those spaces not having access to accommodation and service spaces, such as cargo control stations, provision rooms, and storerooms may be permitted by the Administration. Where such doors are fitted, the boundaries of the space shall be insulated to "A-60" Class. Bolted plates for removal of machinery may be fitted in such boundaries.

(ii) Portlights in such boundaries shall be of a fixed (non-opening) type. Pilot house windows may be non-fixed (opening).

(iii) Portlights in the first tier on the main deck shall be fitted with inside covers of steel or equivalent material.

The requirements of this paragraph, where applicable, except in the case of access to the navigating bridge spaces, shall also be applied to the boundaries of the superstructures and deckhouses for a distance of 5 metres measured longitudinally from the forward end of such structures.

Regulation 57: Construction (a) (i) The hull, superstructure, structural bulkheads, decks and deckhouses shall be constructed of steel or other equivalent material.

(ii) Bulkheads between cargo pump rooms, including their trunks and machinery spaces of Category A shall be "A" Class and shall have no penetrations which are less than "A-0" Class or equivalent in all respects, other than the cargo pump shaft glands and similar glanded penetrations.

(iii) Bulkheads and decks forming divisions separating machinery spaces of Category A and cargo pump rooms, including their trunks, respectively, from the accommodation and service spaces shall be of "A-60" Class. Such bulkheads and decks and any boundaries of machinery spaces of Category A and cargo pump rooms shall not be pierced for windows or portlights.

(iv) The requirements of sub-paragraphs (ii) and (iii) of this paragraph, however, do not preclude the installation of permanent approved gas-tight lighting enclosures for illuminating the pump rooms provided that they are of adequate strength and maintain the integrity and gas-tightness of the bulkhead as "A" Class. Further, it does not preclude the use of windows in a control room located entirely within a machinery space.

(v) Control stations shall be separated from adjacent enclosed spaces by means of "A" Class bulkheads and decks. The insulation of these control station boundaries shall be to the satisfaction of the Administration having in mind the risk of fire in adjacent spaces.

(vi) Casing doors in machinery spaces of Category A shall be self-closing and comply with the related provisions of sub-paragraph (b) (vii) of this Regulation.

(vii) The surface of the insulation on interior boundaries of machinery spaces of Category A shall be impervious to oil and oil vapours.

(viii) Primary deck coverings, if applied, shall be of approved materials which will not readily ignite.* [* Reference is made to Improved Provisional Guidelines on Test Procedures for Primary Deck Coverings adopted by the Organization by Resolution A.214 (VII).] (ix) Interior stairways shall be of steel or other suitable material.

(x) When adjacent to accommodation spaces, bulkheads of galleys, paint stores, lamp rooms and boatswain's stores shall be of steel or equivalent material.

(xi) Paints, varnishes and other finishes used on exposed interior surfaces shall not be of a nature to offer an undue fire hazard in the judgement of the Administration and shall not be capable of producing excessive quantities of smoke or other toxic properties.

(xii) Pipes conveying oil or combustible liquids shall be of a material approved by the Administration having regard to the fire risk.

Materials readily rendered ineffective by heat shall not be used for overboard scuppers, sanitary discharges, and other outlets which are close to the water-line and where the failure of the material in the event of fire would give rise to danger of flooding.

(xiii) Power ventilation of machinery spaces shall be capable of being stopped from an easily accessible position outside the machinery spaces.

(xiv) Skylights to machinery spaces of Category A and cargo pump rooms shall comply with the provisions of sub-paragraph (a) (iii) of this Regulation in respect of windows and portlights and in addition shall be so arranged as to be capable of being readily closed from outside the spaces which they serve.

(b) Within the accommodation and service spaces and control stations the following conditions shall apply: (i) Corridor bulkheads including doors shall be of "A" or "B" Class divisions extending from deck to deck. Where continuous "B" Class ceilings and/or linings are fitted on both sides of the bulkhead, the bulkhead may terminate at the continuous ceiling or lining. Doors of cabins and public spaces in such bulkheads may have a louvre in the lower half.

(ii) Air spaces enclosed behind ceilings, panelings, or linings shall be divided by close fitting draught stops spaced not more than 14 metres apart.

(iii) Ceilings, linings, bulkheads and insulation except for insulation in refrigerated compartments shall be of non-combustible material. Vapour barriers and adhesives used in conjunction with insulation, as well as insulation of pipe fittings for cold service systems need not be non-combustible, but they shall be kept to the minimum quantity practicable and their exposed surfaces shall have resistance to propagation of flame to the satisfaction of the Administration.

(iv) The framing, including grounds and the joint pieces of bulkheads, linings, ceilings and draught stops, if fitted, shall be of non-combustible material.

(v) All exposed surfaces in corridors and stairway enclosures and surfaces in concealed or inaccessible spaces shall have low flame-spread characteristics.** [** Reference is made to Guidelines on the Evaluation of Fire Hazard Properties of Materials, adopted by the Organization by Resolution A.166 (ES. IV).] (vi) Bulkheads, linings and ceilings may have combustible veneer, provided that such veneer shall not exceed 2 millimetres within any such space except corridors, stairway enclosures and control stations where it shall not exceed 1.5 millimetres.

(vii) Stairways which penetrate only a single deck shall be protected at least at one level by "A" or "B" Class divisions and self-closing doors so as to limit the rapid spread of fire from one deck to another. Crew lift trunks shall be of "A" Class divisions. Stairways and lift trunks which penetrate more than a single deck shall be surrounded by "A" Class divisions and protected by self-closing steel doors at all levels. Self-Closing doors shall not be fitted with hold-back hooks. However, hold-back arrangements fitted with remote release fittings of the fail-safe type may be utilized.

(c) Ducts provided for ventilation of machinery spaces of Category "A" shall not in general pass through accommodation and service spaces or control stations, except that the Administration may permit relaxation from this requirement provided that: (i) the ducts are constructed of steel and each is insulated to "A-60" Class; or (ii) the ducts are constructed of steel and are fitted with an automatic fire damper close to the boundary penetrated and are insulated to "A-60" Class from the machinery space of Category A to a point at least 5 metres beyond the fire damper.

(d) Ducts provided for ventilation of accommodation and service spaces or control stations shall not in general pass through machinery spaces of Category A except that the Administration may permit relaxation from this requirement provided that ducts are constructed of steel and an automatic fire damper is fitted close to the boundaries penetrated.

Regulation 58: Ventilation (a) The arrangement and positioning of openings in the cargo tank deck from which gas emission can occur shall be such as to minimize the possibility of gas being admitted to enclosed spaces containing a source of ignition, or collecting in the vicinity of deck machinery and equipment which may constitute an ignition hazard. In every case the height of the outlet above the deck and the discharge velocity of the gas shall be considered in conjunction with the distance of any outlet from any deckhouse opening or source of ignition.

(b) The arrangement of ventilation inlets and outlets and other deckhouse and superstructure boundary space openings shall be such as to complement the provisions of paragraph (a) of this Regulation. Such vents especially for machinery spaces shall be situated as far aft as practicable. Due consideration in this regard should be given when the ship is equipped to load or discharge at the stern. Sources of ignition such as electrical equipment shall be so arranged as to avoid an explosion hazard.

(c) Cargo pump rooms shall be machanically ventilated and discharges from the exhaust fans shall be led to a safe place on the open deck. The ventilation of these rooms shall have sufficient capacity to minimize the possibility of accumulation of inflammable vapours. The number of changes of air shall be at least 20 times per hour, based upon the gross volume of the space. The air ducts shall be arranged so that all of the space is effectively ventilated. The ventilation shall be of the suction type.

Regulation 59: Means of Escape In addition to the requirements of paragraph (a) of Regulation 53 of this Chapter, consideration shall be given by the Administration to the availability of emergency means of escape for personnel from each cabin.

Regulation 60: Cargo Tank Protection (a) For tankers of 100,000 metric tons deadweight and upwards and combination carriers of 50,000 metric tons deadweight and upwards, the protection of the cargo tanks deck area and cargo tanks shall be achieved by a fixed deck froth system and a fixed inert gas system in accordance with the requirements of Regulation 61 and 62 of this Part except that in lieu of the above installations the Administration, after having given consideration to the ship arrangement and equipment, may accept other combinations of fixed installations if they afford protection equivalent to the above, in accordance with Regulation 5 of Chapter I of this Convention.

(b) To be considered equivalent, the system proposed in lieu of the deck froth system shall: (i) be capable of extinguishing spill fires and also preclude ignition of spilled oil not yet ignited; and (ii) be capable of combating fires in ruptured tanks.

(c) To be considered equivalent, the system proposed in lieu of the fixed inert gas system shall: (i) be capable of preventing dangerous accumulations of explosive mixtures in intact cargo tanks during normal service throughout the ballast voyage and necessary in-tank operations; and (ii) be so designed as to minimize the risk of ignition from the generation of static electricity by the system itself.

(d) In tankers of less than 100,000 metric tons deadweight and combination carriers of less than 50,000 metric tons deadweight the Administration, in applying the requirements of paragraph (f) of Regulation 52 of this Chapter, may accept a froth system, capable of discharging froth internally or externally, to the tanks. The details of such installation shall be to the satisfaction of the Administration.

Regulation 61: Fixed Deck Froth System The Fixed deck froth system referred to in paragraph (a) of Regulation 60 of this Chapter shall be designed as follows: (a) The arrangements for providing froth shall be capable of delivering froth to the entire cargo tank area as well as into any cargo tank, the deck of which has been ruptured.

(b) The system shall be capable of simple and rapid operation. The main control station for the system shall be suitably located outside of the cargo tank area, adjacent to the accommodation spaces and readily accessible and operable in the event of fire in the areas protected.

(c) The rate of supply of froth solution shall be not less than the greater of the following: (i) 0.6 litres per minute per square metre of the cargo deck area, where cargo deck area means the maximum breadth of the ship times the total longitudinal extent of the cargo tank spaces, or (ii) 6 litres per minute per square metre of the horizontal sectional area of the single tank having the largest such area.

Sufficient froth concentrate shall be supplied to ensure at least 20 minutes of froth generation when using solution rates stipulated in sub-paragraph (i) or (ii) of this paragraph, whichever is the greater. The froth expansion ratio (i.e., the ratio of the volume of froth produced to the volume of the mixture of water and froth-making concentrate supplied) shall not generally exceed 12 to 1. Where systems essentially produce low expansion froth but at an expansion ratio slightly in excess of 12 to 1, the quantity of froth solution available shall be calculated as for 12 to 1 expansion ratio systems. When medium expansion ratio froth (between 50 to 1 and 150 to 1 expansion ratio) is employed the application rate of the froth and the capacity of a monitor installation shall be to the satisfaction of the Administration.

(d) Froth from the fixed froth system shall be supplied by means of monitors and froth applicators. At least 50 per cent of the required froth rate shall be delivered from each monitor.

(e) (i) The number and position of monitors shall be such as to comply with paragraph (a) of this Regulation. The capacity of any monitor in litres per minute of froth solution shall be at least three times the deck area in square metres protected by that monitor, such area being entirely forward of the monitor.

(ii) The distance from the monitor to the farthest extremity of the protected area forward of that monitor shall not be more than 75 per cent of the monitor throw in still air conditions.

(f) A monitor and hose connexion for a froth applicator shall be situated both port and starboard at the poop front or accommodation spaces facing the cargo deck. Applicators shall be provided for flexibility of action during fire-fighting operations and to cover areas screened from the monitors.

(g) Valves shall be provided in both the froth main and the fire main immediately forward of every monitor position to isolate damaged sections of these mains.

(h) Operation of a deck froth system at its required output shall permit the simultaneous use of the minimum required number of jets of water at the required pressure from the fire main.

Regulation 62: Inert Gas System The inert gas system referred to in paragraph (a) of Regulation 60 of this Chapter shall be capable of providing on demand a gas or mixture of gases to the cargo tanks so deficient in oxygen that the atmosphere within a tank may be rendered inert, i.e., incapable of propagating flame. Such a system shall satisfy the following conditions: (a) The need for fresh air to enter a tank during normal operations shall be eliminated, except when preparing a tank for entry by personnel.

(b) Empty tanks shall be capable of being purged with inert gas to reduce the hydrocarbon content of a tank after discharge of cargo.

(c) The washing of tanks shall be capable of being carried out in an inert atmosphere.

(d) During cargo discharge, the system shall be such as to ensure that the volume of gas referred to in paragraph (f) of this Regulation is available. At other times sufficient gas to ensure compliance with paragraph (g) of this Regulation shall be continuously available.

(e) Suitable means for purging the tanks with fresh air as well as with inert gas shall be provided.

(f) The system shall be capable of supplying inert gas at a rate of at least 125 per cent of the maximum rated capacity of the cargo pumps.

(g) Under normal running conditions, when tanks are being filled or have been filled with inert gas, a positive pressure shall be capable of being maintained at the tank.

(h) Exhaust gas outlets for purging shall be suitable located in the open air and shall be to the same general requirements as prescribed for ventilating outlets of tanks, referred to in paragraph (a) of Regulation 58 of this Chapter.

(i) A scrubber shall be provided which will effectively cool the gas and remove solids and sulphur combustion products.

(j) At least two fans (blowers) shall be provided which together shall be capable of delivering at least the amount of gas stipulated in paragraph (f) of this Regulation.

(k) The oxygen content in the inert gas supply shall not normally exceed 5 per cent by volume.

(l) Means shall be provided to prevent the return of hydrocarbon gases or vapours from the tanks to the machinery spaces and uptakes and prevent the development of excessive pressure or vacuum. In addition, an effective water lock shall be installed at the scrubber or on deck. Branch piping for inert gas shall be fitted with stop valves or equivalent means of control at every tank. The system shall be so designed as to minimize the risk of ignition from the generation of static electricity.

(m) Instrumentation shall be fitted for continuously indicating and permanently recording at all times when inert gas is being supplied the pressure and oxygen content of the gas in the inert gas supply main on the discharge side of the fan. Such instrumentation should preferably be placed in the cargo control room if fitted but in any case shall be easily accessible to the officer in charge of cargo operations. Portable instruments suitable for measuring oxygen and hydrocarbon gases or vapour and the necessary tank fittings shall be provided for monitoring the tank contents.

(n) Means for indicating the temperature and pressure of the inert gas main shall be provided.

(o) Alarms shall be provided to indicate: (i) high oxygen content of gas in the inert gas main; (ii) low gas pressure in the inert gas main; (iii) low pressure in the supply to the deck water seal, if such equipment is installed; (iv) high temperature of gas in the inert gas main; and (v) low water pressure to the scrubber and automatic shut-downs of the system shall be arranged on predetermined limits being reached in respect of sub-paragraphs (iii), (iv) and (v) of this paragraph.

(p) The master of any ship equipped with an inert gas system shall be provided with an instruction manual covering operational, safety and occupational health requirements relevant to the system.

Regulation 63: Cargo Pump Room Each cargo pump room shall be provided with a fixed fire-fighting system operated from a readily accessible position outside the pump room.

The system shall use water-spray or another suitable medium satisfactory to the Administration.

Regulation 64: Hose Nozzles All hose water nozzles provided shall be of an approved dual purpose type (i.e. spray/jet type) incorporating a shut-off.

PART F SPECIAL FIRE SAFETY MEASURES FOR EXISTING PASSENGER SHIPS (For the purposes of this Part of this Chapter, all references to Regulation... (1948) mean references to Regulations of Chapter II of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1948. and all references to Regulation...(1960) mean, unless otherwise stated, references to Regulations of Chapter II of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1960).

Regulation 65: application Any passenger ship carrying more than 36 passengers shall at least comply as follows: (a) A ship, the keel of which was laid before November 19, 1952, shall comply with the provisions of Regulations 66 to 85 inclusive of this Part.

(b) A ship, the keel of which was laid on or after November 19, 1952 but before May 26, 1965, shall comply with the provisions of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1948, relating to the fire safety measures applicable in that Convention to new ships and shall also comply with the provisions of Regulations 68 (b) and (c), 75, 77(b), 78, 80(b), 81(b) to (g), 84 and 85 of this Part.

(c) A ship, the keel of which was laid on or after May 26, 1965, but before the present Convention comes into force, shall, unless it complies with Parts A and B of this Chapter, comply with the provisions of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1960 relating to the fire safety measures applicable in that Convention to new ships and shall also comply with Regulations 68(b) and (c), 80(b), 81(b), (c) and (d) and 85 of this Part.

Regulation 66: Structure The structural components shall be of steel or other suitable material in compliance with Regulation 27 (1948), except that isolated deckhouses containing no accommodation and decks exposed to the weather may be of wood if structural fire protection measures are taken to the satisfaction of the Administration.

Regulation 67: Main Vertical Zones The ship shall be subdivided by "A" Class divisions into main vertical zones in compliance with Regulation 28 (1948). Such divisions shall have as far as practicable adequate insulating value, taking into account the nature of the adjacent spaces as provided for in Regulation 26 (c) (iv) (1948).

Regulation 68: Openings in Main Vertical Zone Bulkheads (a) The ship shall comply substantially with Regulation 29 (1948).

(b) Fire doors shall be of steel or equivalent material with or without non-combustible insulation.

(c) In the case of ventilation trunks and ducts having a cross-sectional area of 0.02 square metres (31 square inches) or more which pass through main zone divisions, the following additional provisions shall apply: (i) for trunks and ducts having cross-sectional areas between 0.02 square metres (31 square inches) and 0.075 square metres (116 square inches) inclusive, fire dampers shall be of a fail-safe automatic closing type, or such trunks and ducts shall be insulated for at least 457 millimetres (18 inches) on each side of the division to meet the applicable bulkhead requirements; (ii) for trunks and ducts having a cross-sectional area exceeding 0.075 square metres (116 square inches), fire dampers shall be of a fail-safe automatic closing type.

Regulation 69: Separation of Accommodation Spaces from Machinery,Cargo and Service Spaces The ship shall comply with Regulation 31 (1948).

Regulation 70: Application relative to Methods I, II and III Each accommodation space and service space in a ship shall comply with all the provisions stipulated in one of the paragraphs (a), (b), (c) or (d) of this Regulation: (a) When a ship is being considered for acceptance in the context of Method I, a network of non-combustible "B" Class bulkheads shall be provided in substantial compliance with Regulation 30 (a) (1948) together with maximum use of non-combustible materials in compliance with Regulation 39 (a) (1948).

(b) When a ship is being considered for acceptance in the context of Method II: (i) an automatic sprinkler and fire alarm system shall be provided which shall be in substantial compliance with Regulations 42 and 48 (1948), and (ii) the use of combustible materials of all kinds shall be reduced as far as is reasonable and practicable.

(c) When a ship is being considered for acceptance in the context of Method III, a network of fire-retarding bulkheads shall be fitted from deck to deck in substantial compliance with Regulation 30(b) (1948), together with an automatic fire detection system in substantial compliance with Regulation 43 (1948). The use of combustible and highly inflammable materials shall be restricted as prescribed in Regulations 39(b) and 40 (g) (1948). Departure form the requirements of Regulations 39(b) and 40(g) (1948) may be permitted if a fire patrol is provided at intervals not exceeding 20 minutes.

(d) When a ship is being considered for acceptance in the context of Method III: (i) additional "A" Class divisions shall be provided within the accommodation spaces in order to reduce in these spaces the mean length of the main vertical zones to about 20 metres (65.5 feet); and (ii) an automatic fire detection system shall be provided in substantial compliance with Regulation 43 (1948); and (iii) all exposed surfaces, and their coatings, of corridor and cabin bulkheads in accommodation spaces shall be of limited flame-spreading power; and (iv) the use of combustible materials shall be restricted as prescribed in Regulation 39 (b) (1948). Departure from the requirements of Regulation 39 (b) (1948) may be permitted if a fire patrol is provided at intervals not exceeding 20 minutes; and (v) additional non-combustible "B" Class divisions shall be fitted from deck to deck forming a network of fire-retarding bulkheads within which the area of any compartment, except public spaces, will in general not exceed 300 square metres (3, 200 square feet).

Regulation 71: Protection of Vertical Stairways The stairways shall comply with Regulation 33 (1948) except that, in cases of exceptional difficulty, the Administration may permit the use of non-combustible "B" Class divisions and doors instead of "A" Class divisions and doors for stairway enclosures. Moreover, the Administration may permit exceptionally the retention of a wooden stairway subject to its being sprinkler-protected and satisfactorily enclosed.

Regulation 72: Protection of Lifts (Passenger and Service), Verti-cal for Light and Air, etc.

The ship shall comply with Regulation 34 (1948).

Regulation 73: Protection of Control Stations The ship shall comply with Regulation 35 (1948), except however that in cases where the disposition or construction of control stations is such as to preclude full compliance, e.g. timber construction of wheelhouse, the Administration may permit the use of free-standing non-combustible "B" Class divisions to protect the boundaries of such control stations. In such cases, where spaces immediately below such control stations constitute a significant fire hazard, the deck between shall be fully insulated as a "A" Class division.

Regulation 74: Protection of Store-rooms, etc.

The ship shall comply with Regulation 36 (1948).

Regulation 75: Windows and Sidescuttles Skylights of engine and boiler spaces shall be capable of being closed from outside such spaces.

Regulation 76: Ventilation Systems (a) All power ventilation, except cargo and machinery space ventilation, shall be fitted with master controls so located outside the machinery space and in readily accessible positions, that it shall not be necessary to go to more than three stations in order to stop all the ventilation fans to spaces other than machinery and cargo spaces.

Machinery space ventilation shall be provided with a master control operable from a position outside the machinery space.

(b) Efficient insulation shall be provided for exhaust ducts from galley ranges where the ducts pass through accommodation spaces.

Regulation 77: Miscellaneous Items (a) The ship shall comply with Regulation 40 (a), (b) and (f) (1948), except that in Regulation 40 (a) (i) (1948), 20 metres (65.5 feet) may be substituted for 13.73 metres (45 feet).

(b) Fuel pumps shall be fitted with remote controls situated outside the space concerned so that they may be stopped in the event of a fire arising in the space in which they are located.

Regulation 78: Cinematograph Film Cellulose-nitrate-based film shall not be used in cinematograph installations on board ship.

Regulation 79: Plans Plans shall be provided in compliance with Regulation 44 (1948).

Regulation 80: Pumps, Fire Main Systems, Hydrants and Hoses (a) The provisions of Regulation 45 (1948) shall be complied with.

(b) Water from the fire main shall, as far as practicable, be immediately available, such as by maintenance of pressure or by remote control of fire pumps, which control shall be easily operable and readily accessible.

Regulation 81: Fire Detection and Extinction Requirements General (a) The requirements of Regulation 50 (a) to (o) (1948) inclusive shall be complied with, subject to further provisions of this Regulation.

Patrols, Detection and Communication System (b) Each member of any fire patrol required by this Part shall be trained to be familiar with the arrangements of the ship as well as the location and operation of any equipment he my be called upon to use.

(c) A special alarm to summon the crew shall be fitted which may be part of the ship's general alarm system.

(d) A public address system or other effective means of communication shall also be available throughout the accommodation, public and service spaces.

Machinery and Boiler Spaces (e) The number, type and distribution of fire extinguishers shall comply with paragraphs (g) (ii), (g) (iii) and (h) (ii) of Regulation 64 (1960).

Internationals Shore Connexion (f) The provisions of Regulation 64 (d) (1960) shall be complied with.

Fireman's Outfits (g) The provisions of Regulation 64 (j) (1960) shall be complied with.

Regulation 82: Ready Availability of Fire-Fighting Appliances The provisions of Regulation 66 (1960) shall be complied with.

Regulation 83: Means of Escape The provisions of Regulation 54 (1948) shall be complied with.

Regulation 84: Emergency Source of Electrical Power The provisions of Regulation 22 (a), (b) and (c) (1948) shall be complied with except that the location of the emergency source of electrical power shall be in accordance with the requirements of Regulation 25 (a) (1960).

Regulation 85: Practice Musters and Drills At the fire drills mentioned in Regulation 26 of Chapter III of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1960 each member of the crew shall be required to demonstrate his familiarity with the arrangements and facilities of the ship, his duties, and any equipment he may be called upon to use. Masters shall be required to familiarize and instruct the crews in this regard.

CHAPTER III LIFE-SAVING APPLIANCES, ETC.


Regulation 1: Application (a) This Chapter, except where it is otherwise expressly provided, applies as follows to new ships engaged on international voyages: Part A-Passenger ships and cargo ships.

Part B-Passenger ships.

Part C-Cargo ships.

(b) In the case of existing ships engaged on international voyages., the keels of which were laid or which were at a similar stage of construction on or after the date of coming into force of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1960., the requirements of Chapter III of that Convention applicable to new ships as defined in that Convention shall apply.

(c) In the case of existing ships engaged on international voyages, the keels of which were laid or which were at a similar stage of construction before the date of coming into force of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1960, and which do not already comply with the provisions of Chapter III of that Convention relating to new ships, the arrangements in each ship shall be considered by the Administration with a view to securing, so far as this is practicable and reasonable, and as early as possible, substantial compliance with the requirements of Chapter III of that Convention. The proviso to subparagraph (b) (i) of Regulation 27 of this Chapter may, however, be applied to existing ships referred to in this paragraph only if: (i) the provisions of Regulations 4,8,14,18, and 19 and paragraphs (a) and (b) of Regulation 27 of this Chapter are complied with; (ii) the liferafts carried in accordance with the provisions of paragraph (b) of Regulation 27 comply with the requirements of either Regulation 15 or Regulation 16, and of Regulation 17 of this Chapter; and (iii) the total number of persons on board shall not be increased as the result of the provision of liferafts unless the ship fully complies with the provisions of: (1) Part B of Chapter II-1; (2) sub-paragraphs (a) (iii) and (iv) of Regulation 21 or sub-paragraph (a) (iii) of Regulation 48 of Chapter II-2, as applicable; and (3) Paragraphs (a), (b), (e) and (f) of Regulation 29 of this Chapter.

PART A GENERAL (Part A applies to both passenger ships and cargo ships) Regulation 2: Definitions For the purpose of this Chapter: (a) "Short international voyage" means an international voyage in the course of which a ship is not more than 200 miles from a port or place in which the passengers and crew could be placed in safety, and which does not exceed 600 miles in length between the last port of call in the country in which the voyage begins and the final port of destination.

(b) "Liferaft" means a liferaft complying with either Regulation 15 or Regulation 16 of this Chapter.

(c) "Approved launching device" means a device approved by the Administration, capable of launching from the embarkation position a liferaft fullyloaded with the number of persons it is permitted to carry and with its equipment.

(d) "Certificated lifeboatman" means any member of the crew who holds a certificate of efficiency issued under the provisions of Regulation 32 of this Chapter.

(e) "Buoyant apparatus" means flotation equipment (other than lifeboats, liferafts, lifebuoys and life-jackets) designed to support a specified number of persons who are in the water and of such construction that it retains its shape and properties.

Regulation 3: Exemptions (a) The Administration, if it considers that the sheltered nature and conditions of the voyage are such as to render the application of the full requirements of this Chapter unreasonable or unnecessary, may to that extent exempt from the requirements of this Chapter individual ships or classes of ships which, in the course of their voyage, do not go more than 20 miles from the nearest land.

(b) In the case of passenger ships which are employed in special trades for the carriage of large numbers of special trade passengers, such as the pilgrim trade, the Administration, if satisfied that it is impracticable to enforce compliance with the requirements of this Chapter, may exempt such ships, when they belong to its country, from those requirements, provided that they comply fully with the provisions of: (i) the Rules annexed to the Special Trade Passenger Ships Agreement, 1971; and (ii) the Rules annexed to the Protocol on Space Requirements for Special Trade Passenger Ships, 1973, when it enters into force.

Regulation 4: Ready Availability of Lifeboats, Liferafts and Buo-yant Apparatus (a) The general principle governing the provision of lifeboats, liferafts and buoyant apparatus in a ship to which this Chapter applies is that they shall be readily available in case of emergency.

(b) To be readily available, the lifeboats, liferafts and buoyant apparatus shall comply with the following conditions: (i) they shall be capable of being put into the water safely and rapidly even under unfavourable conditions of trim and of 15 degree of list; (ii) it shall be possible to effect embarkation into the lifeboats and liferafts rapidly and in good order; (iii) the arrangement of each lifeboat, liferaft and article of buoyant apparatus shall be such that it will not interfere with the operation of other boats, liferafts and buoyant apparatus.

(c) All the life-saving appliances shall be kept in working order and available for immediate use before the ship leaves port and at all times during the voyage.

Regulation 5: Construction of Lifeboats (a) All lifeboats shall be properly constructed and shall be of such form and proportions that they shall have ample stability in a seaway, and sufficient freeboard when loaded with their full complement of persons and equipment. All lifeboats shall be capable of maintaining positive stability when open to the sea and loaded with their full complement of persons and equipment.

(b) (i) All lifeboats shall have rigid sides and internal buoyancy only. The Administration may approve lifeboats with a rigid shelter, provided that it may be readily opened from both inside and outside, and does not impede rapid embarkation and disembarkation or the launching and handling of the lifeboat.

(ii) Motor lifeboats may be fitted to the satisfaction of the Administration with a means for preventing the entry of water at the fore end.

(iii) All lifeboats shall be not less than 7.3 metres (24 feet) in length except where owing to the size of the ship, or for other reasons, the Administration considers the carriage of such lifeboats unreasonable or impracticable. In no ship shall the lifeboats be less than 4.9 metres (16 feet) in length.

(c) No lifeboat may be approved the weight of which when fully laden with persons and equipment exceeds 20,300 kilogrammes (20 tons) or which has a carrying capacity calculated in accordance with Regulation 7 of this Chapter of more than 150 persons.

(d) All lifeboats permitted to carry more than 60 persons but not more than 100 persons shall be either motor lifeboats complying with the requirements of Regulation 9 of this Chapter or be lifeboats fitted with an approved means of mechanical propulsion complying with Regulation 10 of this Chapter. All lifeboats permitted to carry more than 100 persons shall be motor lifeboats complying with the requirements of Regulation 9 of this Chapter.

(e) All lifeboats shall be of sufficient strength to enable them to be safely lowered into the water when loaded with their full complement of persons and equipment. All lifeboats shall be of such strength that they will not suffer residual deflection if subjected to an overload of 25 per cent.

(f) All lifeboats shall have a mean sheer at least equal to 4 per cent of their length. The sheer shall be approximately parabolic in form.

(g) In lifeboats permitted to carry 100 or more persons the volume of the buoyancy shall be increased to the satisfaction of the Administration.

(h) All lifeboats shall have inherent buoyancy, or shall be fitted with watertight air cases or other equivalent non-corrodible buoyant material which shall not be adversely affected by oil or oil products, sufficient to float the boat and its equipment when the boat is flooded and open to the sea. An additional volume of watertight air cases or other equivalent noncorrodible buoyant material, which shall not be adversely affected by oil or oil products, equal to at least one-tenth of the cubic capacity of the bo at shall also be provided. The Administration may permit the watertight air cases to be filled with a non-corrodible buoyant material which shall not be adversely affected by oil or oil products.

(i) All thwarts and side-seats shall be fitted as low in the lifeboat as practicable.

(j) The block coefficient of the cubic capacity as determined in accordance with Regulation 6 of this Chapter of all lifeboats, except wooden lifeboats made of planks, shall be not less than 0.64 provided that any such lifeboat may have a block coefficient of less than 0.64 if the Administration is satisfied with the sufficiency of the metacentric height and freeboard when the lifeboat is loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment.

Regulation 6: Cubic Capacity of Lifeboats (a) The cubic capacity of a lifeboat shall be determined by Simpson's (Stirling's) Rule or by any other method giving the same degree of accuracy. The capacity of a square-sterned lifeboat shall be calculated as if the lifeboat had a pointed stern.

(b) For example, the capacity in cubic metres (or cubic feet) of a lifeboat, calculated by the aid of Simpson's Rule, may be considered as given by the following formula: L Capacity=-(4A+2B+4C) 12 L being the length of the lifeboat in metres (or feet) from the inside of the planking or plating at the stem to the corresponding point at the stern post; in the case of a lifeboat with a square stern, the length is measured to the inside of the transom.

A, B, C denote respectively the areas of the cross-sections at the quarter-length forward, amidships, and the quarter-length aft, which correspond to the three points obtained by dividing L into four equal parts. (The areas corresponding to the two ends of the lifeboat are considered negligible.) The areas A, B, C shall be deemed to be given in square metres (or square feet) by the successive application of the following formula to each of the three cross-sections: h Area=- (a+4b+2c+4d+e) 12 h being the depth measured in metres (or in feet) inside the planking or plating from the keel to the level of the gunwale, or, in certain cases, to a lower level as determined hereafter.

a, b, c, d, e denote the horizontal breadths of the lifeboat measured in metres (or in feet) at the upper and lower points of the depth and at the three points obtained by dividing h into four equal parts (a and e being the breadths at the extreme point, and c at the middle point of h).

(c) If the sheer of the gunwale, measured at the two points situated at a quarter of the length of the lifeboat from the ends, exceeds 1 per cent of the length of the lifeboat the depth employed in calculating the area of the cross-sections A or C shall be deemed to be the depth amidships plus 1 per cent of the length of the lifeboat.

(d) If the depth of the lifeboat amidships exceeds 45 per cent of the breadth, the depth employed in calculating the area of the amidship cross-section B shall be deemed to be equal to 45 per cent of the breadth, and the depth employed in calculating the areas of the quarterlength sections A and C is obtained by increasing this last figure by an amount equal to 1 per cent of the length of the lifeboat, provided that in no case shall the depths employed in the calculation exceed the actual depths at these points.

(e) If the depth of the lifeboat is greater than 1.22 metres (4 feet) the number of persons given by the application of this Rule shall be reduced in proportion to the ratio of 1.22 metres (4 feet) to the actual depth, until the lifeboat has been satisfactorily tested afloat with the number of persons on board, all wearing life-jackets.

(f) The Administration shall impose, by suitable formulae, a limit for the number of persons allowed in lifeboats with very fine ends and in lifeboats very full in form.

(g) The Administration may assign to a lifeboat constructed of wooded planks capacity equal to the product of the length, the breadth and the depth multiplied by 0.6 if it is evident that this formula does not give a greater capacity than that obtained by the above method. The dimensions shall then be measured in the following manner: Length-Form the intersection of the outside of the planking with the stem to the corresponding point at the stern post or, in the case of a square-sterned boat, to the after side of the transom.

Breadth-from the outside of the planking at the point where the breadth of the boat is greatest.

Depth-Amidships inside the planking from the keel to the level of the gunwale, but the depth used in calculating the cubic capacity may not in any case exceed 45 per cent of the breadth.

In all cases the shipowner has the right to require that the cubic capacity of the lifeboat shall be determined by exact measurement.

(h) The cubic capacity of a motor lifeboat or a lifeboat fitted with other propelling gear shall be obtained from the gross capacity by deducting a volume equal to that occupied by the motor and its accessories or the gearbox of the other propelling gear, and, when carried, the radiotelegraph installation and searchlight with their accessories.

Regulation 7: Carrying Capacity of Lifeboats The number of persons which a lifeboat shall be permitted to accommodate shall be equal to the greatest whole number obtained by dividing the capacity in cubic metres by: |------------------| |In the case of a lifeboat of 7.3 | |metres (24 feet) in length or over 0.283 (or where the capacity is | | measured in cubic feet 10): | |------------------| |in the case of lifeboats of 4.9 | |metres (16 feet) in length 0.396 (or where the capacity is | | measured in cubic feet 14): and | |------------------| |in the case of lifeboats of 4.9 | |metres (16 feet) in length or over | |but under 7.3 metres (24 feet) a number between 0.396 and 0.283 | | (or where the capacity is measured| | in cubic feet between 14 and 10), | | to be obtained by interpolation; | |------------------| provided that the number shall in no case exceed the number of adult persons wearing lifejackets which can be seated without in any way interfering with the use of oars or the operation of other propulsion equipment.

Regulation 8: Number of Motor Lifeboats to be carried (a) In every passenger ship there shall be carried on each side of the ship at least one motor lifeboat complying with the requirements of Regulation 9 of this Chapter.

Provided that in passenger ships in which the total number of persons which the ship is certified to carry, together with the crew, does not exceed 30, only one such motor lifeboat shall be required.

(b) In every cargo ship of 1,600 tons gross tonnage and upwards, except tankers, ships employed as whale factory ships, ships employed as fish processing or canning factory ships, and ships engaged in the carriage of persons in the whaling, fish processing or canning industries, there shall be carried at least one motor lifeboat complying with the requirements of Regulation 9 of this Chapter.

(c) In every tanker of 1,600 tons gross tonnage and upwards, in every ship employed as a whale factory ships, in every ship employed as a fish processing or canning factory ship and in every ship engaged in the carriage of persons employed in the whaling, fish processing or canning industries, there shall be carried on each side at least one motor lifeboat complying with the requirements of Regulation 9 of this Chapter.

Regulation 9: Specification of Motor Lifeboats (a) A motor lifeboat shall comply with the following conditions: (i) It shall be fitted with a compression ignition engine and kept so as to be at all times ready for use; it shall be capable of being readily started in all conditions; sufficient fuel for 24 hours continuous operation at the speed specified in subparagraph (iii) of this paragraph shall be provided.

(ii) The engine and its accessories shall be suitably enclosed to ensure operation under adverse weather conditions, and the engine casing shall be fire-resisting. Provision shall be made for going astern.

(iii) The speed ahead in smooth water when loaded with its full complement of persons and equipment shall be: (1) In the case of motor lifeboats required by Regulation 8 of this Chapter to be carried in passenger ships, tankers, ships employed as whale factory ships, ships employed as fish processing or canning factory ships and ships engaged in the carriage of persons employed in the whaling, fish processing or canning industries, at least six knots.

(2) In the case of any other motor lifeboat, at least four knots.

(b) The volume of the internal buoyancy appliances of a motor lifeboat shall be increased above that required by Regulation 5 of this Chapter by the amount, if any, by which the volume of the internal buoyancy appliances required to support the engine and its accessories, and, if fitted, the searchlight and radiotelegraph installation and their accessories, exceeds the volume of the internal buoyancy appliances required, at the rate of 0.0283 cubic metres (one cubic foot) per person, to support the additional persons which the lifeboat could accommodate if the motor and its accessories, and, if fitted, the searchlight and radiotelegraph installation and their accessories, were removed.

Regulation 10: Specification of Mechanically Propelled Lifeboatsother than Motor Lifeboats A mechanically propelled lifeboat, other than a motor lifeboat, shall comply with the following conditions: (a) The propelling gear shall be of an approved type and shall have sufficient power to enable the lifeboat to be readily cleared from the ship's side when launched and to be able to hold course under adverse weather conditions. If the gear is manually operated it shall be capable of being worked by persons untrained in its use and shall be capable of being operated when the lifeboat is flooded.

(b) A device shall be fitted by means of which the helmsman can cause the lifeboat to go astern at any time when the propelling gear is in operation.

(c) The volume of the internal buoyancy of a mechanically propelled lifeboat, other than a motor lifeboat, shall be increased to compensate for the weight of the propelling gear.

Regulation 11: Equipment of Lifeboats (a) The normal equipment of every lifeboat shall consist of: (i) a single banked complement of buoyant oars, two spare buoyant oars and a buoyant steering oar; one set and a half of those pins or crutches, attached to the lifeboat by lanyard or chain; a boat hook; (ii) two plugs for each plug hole (plugs are not required when proper automatic valves are fitted) attached to the lifeboat by lanyards or chains; a baler, and two buckets of approved material; (iii) a rudder attached to the lifeboat and a tiller; (iv) two hatches, one at each end of the lifeboat; (v) a lamp, with oil sufficient for 12 hours; two boxes of suitable matches in a watertight container; (vi) a mast or masts, with galvanized wire stays together with sails (coloured orange); (vii) an efficient compass in binnacle, to be luminised or fitted with suitable means of illumination; (viii) a lifeline becketed round the outside of the lifeboat; (ix) a sea-anchor of approved size; (x) two painters of sufficient length. One shall be secured to the forward end of the lifeboat with strop and toggle so that it can be released, and the other shall be firmly secured to the stem of the lifeboat and be ready for use; (xi) a vessel containing 4 1/2 litres (1 gallon) of vegetable, fish or animal oil. The vessel shall be so constructed that the oil can be easily distributed on the water, and so arranged that it can be attached to the sea-anchor; (xii) a food ration, determined by the Administration, for each person the lifeboat is certified to carry. These rations shall be kept in airtight receptacles which are to be stowed in a watertight container; (xiii) watertight receptacles containing 3 litres (6 pints) of fresh water for each person the lifeboat is certified to carry, or watertight receptacles containing 2 litres (4 pints) of fresh water for each person together with an approved de-salting apparatus capable of providing 1 litre (2 pints) of drinking water per person; a rustproof dipper with lanyard; a rustproof graduated drinking vessel; (xiv) four parachute signals of approved type capable of giving a bright red light at a high altitude; six hand flares of an approved type giving a bright red light; (xv) two buoyant smoke signals of an approved type (for day-time use) capable of giving off a volume of orange-coloured smoke; (xvi) approved means to enable persons to cling to the boat should it be upturned, in the form of bilge keels or keel rails, together with grab lines secured from gunwale to gunwale under the keel, or other approved arrangements; (xvii) an approved fist-aid outfit in a watertight case; (xviii) a waterproof electric torch suitable for signalling in the Morse Code together with one spare set of batteries and one spare bulb in a waterproof container; (xix) a daylight-signalling mirror of an approved type; (xx) a jack-knife fitted with a tin-opener to be kept attached to the boat with a lanyard; (xxi) two light buoyant heaving lines; (xxii) a manual pump of an approved type; (xxiii) a suitable locker for stowage of small items of equipment; (xxiv) one whistle or equivalent sound signal; (xxv) one set of fishing tackle; (xxvi) one approved cover of a highly visible colour capable of protecting the occupants against injury by exposure; and (xxvii) one copy of the illustrated table of life-saving signals referred to in Regulation 16 of Chapter V.

(b) In the case of ships engaged on voyages of such duration that in the opinion of the Administration the items specified in sub-paragraphs (vi), (xii), (xix), (xx) and (xxv) of paragraph (a) of this Regulation are unnecessary, the Administration may allow them to be dispensed with.

(c) Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (a) of this Regulation, motor lifeboats or other approved mechanically propelled lifeboats need not carry a mast or sails or more than half the complement of oars, but they shall carry two boat hooks.

(d) All lifeboats shall be fitted with suitable means to enable persons in the water to climb into the lifeboat.

(e) Every motor lifeboat shall carry portable fire-extinguishing equipment of an approved type capable of discharging froth or other suitable substance for extinguishing oil fires.

Regulation 12: Security of Lifeboat Equipment All items of lifeboat equipment, with the exception of the boat hook which shall be kept free for fending off purposes, shall be suitably secured within the lifeboat. The lashing shall be carried out in such a manner as to ensure the security of the equipment and so as not to interfere with the lifting hooks or to prevent ready embarkation. All items of lifeboat equipment shall be as small and light in weight as possible and shall be packed in suitable and compact from.

Regulation 13: Portable Radio Apparatus for Survival Craft (a) An approved portable radio apparatus for survival craft complying with the requirements set out in Regulation 14 of Chapter IV shall be carried in all ships except those on which there is carried on each side of the ship a motor lifeboat fitted with a radiotelegraph installation complying with the provisions of Regulation 14 of this Chapter and of Regulation 13 of Chapter IV. All this equipment shall be kept together in the chartroom or other suitable place ready to be moved to one or other of the lifeboats in the event of an emergency. However, in tankers of 3,000 tons gross tonnage and upwards in which lifeboats are fitted amidships and aft this equipment shall be kept in a suitable place in the vicinity of those lifeboats which are furthest away from the ship's main transmitter.

(b) In the case of ships engaged on voyages of such duration that in the opinion of the Administration portable radio apparatus for survival craft is unnecessary, the Administration may allow such equipment to be dispensed with.

Regulation 14: Radio Apparatus and Searchlights in Motor Lifeboats (a) (i) Where the total number of persons on board a passenger ship engaged on international voyages which are not short international voyages, a ship employed as a whale factory ship, a ship employed as a fish processing or canning factory ship or a ship engaged in the carriage of persons employed in the whaling, fish processing or canning industries, is more than 199 but less than 1,500, a radiotelegraph apparatus complying with the requirements set out in this Regulation and in Regulation 13 of Chapter IV shall be fitted in at least one of the motor lifeboats required under Regulation 8 of this Chapter to be carried in that ship.

(ii) Where the total number of persons on board such a ship is 1,500 or more, such a radiotelegraph apparatus shall be fitted in every motor lifeboat required under Regulation 8 of this Chapter to be carried in that ship.

(b) The radio apparatus shall be installed in a cabin large enough to accommodate both the equipment and the persons using it.

(c) The arrangements shall be such that the efficient operation of the transmitter and receiver shall not be interfered with by the engine while it is running, whether a battery is on charge or not.

(d) The radio battery shall not be used to supply power to any engine starting motor or ignition system.

(e) The motor lifeboat engine shall be fitted with a dynamo for recharging the radio battery, and for other services.

(f) A searchlight shall be fitted in each motor lifeboat required to be carried under paragraph (a) of Regulation 8 of this Chapter in passenger ships and under paragraph (c) of that Regulation in ships employed as whale factory ships fish processing or canning factory ships and ships engaged in the carriage of persons employed in the whaling, fish processing or canning industries.

(g) The searchlight shall include a lamp of at least 80 watts, an efficient reflector and a source of power which will give effective illumination of a light-coloured object having a width of about 18 metres (60 feet) at a distance of 180 metres (200 yards) for a total period of six hours and shall be capable of working for at least three hours continuously.

Regulation 15: Requirements for Inflatable Liferafts (a) Every inflatable liferaft shall be so constructed that, when fully inflated and floating with the cover uppermost, it shall be stable in a seaway.

(b) The liferaft shall be so constructed that if it is drooped into the water from a height of 18 metres (60 feet) neither the liferaft nor its equipment will be damaged. If the raft is to be stowed on the ship at a height above the water of more than 18 metres (60 feet), it shall be of a type which has been satisfactorily drop-tested from a height at least equal to the height at which it is to be stowed.

(c) The construction of the liferaft shall include a cover which shall automatically be set in place when the liferaft is inflated. This cover shall be capable of protecting the occupants against injury from exposure, and means shall be provided for collecting rain. The top of the cover shall be fitted with a lamp which derives its luminosity from a sea-activated cell and a similar lamp shall also be fitted inside the liferaft. The cover of the liferaft shall be of a highly visible colour.

(d) The Liferaft shall be fitted with a painter and shall have a line securely becketed round the outside. A lifeline shall also be fitted around the inside of the liferaft.

(e) The liferaft shall be capable of being readily righted by one person if it inflates in an inverted position.

(f) The liferaft shall be fitted at each opening with efficient means to enable persons in the water to climb on board.

(g) The liferaft shall be contained in a valise or other container so constructed as to be capable of withstanding hard wear under conditions met with at sea. The liferaft in its valise or other container shall be inherently buoyant.

(h) The buoyancy of the liferaft shall be so arranged as to ensure by a division into an even number of separate compartments, half of which shall be capable of supporting out of the water the number of persons which the liferaft is permitted to accommodate, or by some other equally efficient means, that there is a reasonable margin of buoyancy if the raft is damaged or partially fails to inflate.

(i) The total weight of the liferaft, its valise or other container and its equipment shall not exceed 180 kilogrammes (400 lbs.).

(j) The number of persons which an inflatable liferaft shall be permitted to accommodate shall be equal to: (i) the greatest whole number obtained by dividing by 96 the volume measured in cubic decimetres (or by 3.4 the volume, measured in cubic feet) of the main buoyancy tubes (which for this purpose shall include neither the arches nor the thwart or thwarts if fitted) when inflated; or (ii) the greatest whole number obtained by dividing by 3,720 the area measured in square centimetres (or by 4 the area, measured in square feet) of the floor (which for this purpose may include the thwart or thwarts if fitted) of the liferaft when inflated whichever number shall be the less.

(k) The floor of the liferaft shall be waterproof and shall be capable of being sufficiently insulated against cold.

(l) The liferaft shall be inflated by a gas which is not injurious to the occupants and the inflation shall take place automatically either on the pulling of a line or by some other equally simple and efficient method. Means shall be provided whereby the topping-up pump or bellows required by Regulation 17 of this Chapter may be used to maintain pressure.

(m) The liferaft shall be of approved material and construction, and shall be so constructed as to be capable of withstanding exposure for 30 days afloat in all sea conditions.

(n) No liferaft shall be approved which has a carrying capacity calculated in accordance with paragraph (j) of this Regulation of less than six persons. The maximum number of persons calculated in accordance with that paragraph for which an inflatable liferaft may be approved shall be at the discretion of the Administration, but shall in no case exceed 25.

(o) The liferaft shall be capable of operating throughout a temperature range of 66 ¡æ to minus 30¡æ (150 ¡ãF to minus 22 ¡ãF).

(p) (i) The liferaft shall be so stowed as to be readily available in case of emergency. It shall be stowed in such a manner as to permit it to float free from its stowage, inflate and break free from the vessel in the event of sinking.

(ii) If used, lashings shall be fitted with an automatic release system of a hydrostatic or equivalent nature approved by the Administration.

(iii) The liferaft required by paragraph (c) of Regulation 35 of this Chapter may be securely fastened.

(q) The liferaft shall be fitted with arrangements enabling it to be readily towed.

Regulation 16: Requirements for Rigid Liferafts (a) Every rigid liferaft shall be so constructed that if it is dropped into the water from its stowed position neither the liferaft nor its equipment will be damaged.

(b) The deck area of the liferaft shall be situated within that part of the liferaft which affords protection to its occupants. The area of that deck shall be at least 0.3720 square metres (4 square feet) for every person the liferaft is permitted to carry. The nature of the deck shall be such as to prevent so far as practicable the ingress of water and it shall effectively support the occupants out of the water.

(c) The liferaft shall be fitted with a cover or equivalent arrangement of a highly visible colour, which shall be capable of protecting the occupants against injury from exposure whichever way up the liferaft is floating.

(d) The equipment of the liferaft shall be so stowed as to be readily available whichever way up the liferaft is floating.

(e) The total weight of a liferaft and its equipment carried in passenger ships shall not exceed 180 kilogrammes (400 lbs.). Liferaft carried in cargo ships may exceed 180 kilogrammes (400 lbs.) in weight if they are capable of being launched from both side of the ship or if there are provided means for putting them into the water mechanically.

(f) The liferaft must at all times be effective and stable when floating either way up.

(g) The liferaft shall have at least 96 cubic decimetres (3.4 cubic feet) of air cases or equivalent buoyancy for each person it is permitted to carry which must be placed as near as possible to the sides of the raft.

(h) The liferaft shall have a painter attached and a lifeline securely becketed round the outside. A lifeline shall also be fitted around the inside of the raft.

(i) The liferaft shall be fitted at each opening with efficient means to enable persons in the water to climb on board.

(j) The liferaft shall be so constructed as not to be affected by oil or oil products.

(k) A buoyant light of the electric battery type shall be attached to the liferaft by a lanyard.

(l) The liferaft shall be fitted with arrangements enabling it to be readily towed.

(m) Liferafts shall be so stowed as to float free in the event of the ship sinking.

Regulation 17: Equipment of Inflatable and Rigid Liferafts (a) The normal equipment of every liferaft shall consist of: (i) One buoyant rescue quoit, attached to at least 30 metres (100 feet) of buoyant line.

(ii) For liferafts which are permitted to accommodate not more than 12 persons: one knife and one baler; for liferafts which are permitted to accommodate 13 persons or more: two knives and two balers.

(iii) Two sponges.

(iv) Two sea-anchors, one permanently attached to the liferaft and one spare.

(v) Two paddles.

(vi) One repair outfit capable of repairing punctures in buoyance compartments.

(vii) One topping-up pump or bellows, unless the liferaft complies with Regulation 16 of this Chapter.

(viii) Three tin-openers.

(ix) One approved first-aid outfit in a waterproof case.

(x) One rustproof graduated drinking vessel.

(xi) One waterproof electric torch suitable for signalling in the Morse Code, together with one spare set of batteries and one spare bulb in a waterproof container.

(xii) One daylight-signalling mirror and one signalling whistle.

(xiii) Two parachute distress signals of an approved type, capable of giving a bright red light at a high altitude.

(xiv) Six hand flares of an approved type, capable of giving a bright red light.

(xv) One set of fishing tackle.

(xvi) A food ration, determined by the Administration, for each person the liferaft is permitted to accommodate.

(vii) Watertight receptacles containing 1 1/2 litres (3 pints) of fresh water for each person the liferaft is permitted to accommodate, of which 1/2 litre (1 pint) per person may be replaced by a suitable de-salting apparatus capable of producing an equal amount of fresh water.

(xviii) Six anti-seasickness tablets for each person the liferaft is deemed fit to accommodate.

(xix) Instructions on how to survive in the liferaft; and (xx) One copy of the illustrated table of life-saving signals referred to in Regulation 16 of Chapter V.

(b) In the case of passenger ships engages on short international voyages of such duration that in the opinion of the Administration all the items specified in paragraph (a) of this Regulation are unnecessary, the Administration may allow one or more liferafts, not being less than one-sixth of the number of liferafts carried in any such ship, to be provided with the equipment specified in sub-paragraphs (i) to (vii) inclusive, (xi) and (xix) of paragraph (a) of this Regulation, and with one-half of the equipment specified in sub-paragraphs (viii) and (xiv) of that paragraph and the remainder of the liferafts carried to be provided with the equipment specified in sub-paragraphs (i) to (vii) inclusive and (xix) of that paragraph.

Regulation 18: Training in the use of Liferafts The Administration shall so far as is practicable and reasonable take steps with a view to ensuring that crews of ships in which liferafts are carried are trained in their launching and use.

Regulation 19: Embarkation into Lifeboats and Liferafts (a) Suitable arrangements shall be made for embarkation into the lifeboats, which shall include: (i) a ladder at each set of davits to afford access to the lifeboats when waterborne, except that in passenger ships, ships employed as whale factory ships, ships employed as fish processing or canning factory ships and ships engaged in the carriage of persons employed in the whaling, fish processing or canning industries, the Administration may permit such ladders to be replaced by approved devices provided that there shall not be less than one ladder on each side of the ship; (ii) means for illuminating the lifeboats and their launching gear during preparation for and the process of launching, and also for illuminating the water into which the lifeboats are launched until the process of launching is completed; (iii) arrangements for warning the passengers and crew that the ship is about to be abandoned; and (iv) means for preventing any discharge of water into the lifeboats.

(b) Suitable arrangements shall also be made for embarkation into the liferafts, which shall include: (i) sufficient ladders to facilitate embarkation into the liferafts when waterborne except that in passenger ships, ships employed as whale factory ships, ships employed as fish processing or canning factory ships, and ships engaged in the carriage of persons employed in the whaling, fish processing or fish canning industries, the Administration may permit the replacement of some or all of such ladders by approved devices; (ii) where there are carried liferafts for which approved launching devices are provided, means for illuminating those liferafts and launching devices during the preparation for and the process of launching, and also for illuminating the water into which those liferafts are launched until the process of launching is completed; (iii) means for illuminating the stowage position of liferafts for which approved launching devices are not provided; (iv) arrangements for warning the passengers and crew that the ship is about to be abandoned; and (v) means for preventing any discharge of water into the liferafts at fixed launching positions, including those under approved launching devices.

Regulation 20: Marking of Lifeboats, Liferafts and Buoyant Appa-ratus (a) The dimensions of a lifeboat and the number of persons which it is permitted to carry shall be marked on it in clear permanent characters.

The name and port of registry of the ship to which the lifeboat belongs shall be painted on each side of the bow.

(b) Buoyant apparatus shall be marked with the number of persons in the same manner.

(c) The number of persons shall be marked in the same manner on inflatable liferafts and also on the valise or container in which the inflatable liferaft is contained. Every inflatable liferaft shall also bear a serial number and the manufacturer's name so that the owner of the liferaft can be ascertained.

(d) Every rigid liferaft shall be marked with the name and port of registry of the ship in which it is carried, and with the number of persons it is permitted to carry.

(e) No lifeboat, liferaft or buoyant apparatus shall be marked for a greater number of persons than that obtained in the manner specified in this Chapter.

Regulation 21: Specification of a Lifebuoy (a) A lifebuoy shall satisfy the following requirements: (i) it shall be of solid cork or any other equivalent material; (ii) it shall be capable of supporting in fresh water for 24 hours at least 14.5 kilogrammes (32 lbs.) of iron; (iii) it shall not be adversely affected by oil or oil products; (iv) it shall be of a highly visible colour; (v) it shall be marked in block letters with the name and port of registry of the ship in which it is carried.

(b) Lifebuoys filled with rushes, cork shavings or granulated cork, or any other loose granulated material, or whose buoyancy depends upon air compartments which require to be inflated, are prohibited.

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